Lawn Pesticides and Chemicals Essay -- Health Toxic Substances Essays

Lawn Pesticides and ChemicalsRecently, the use of lawn pesticides and chemicals has grown enormously with home owners and golf course management in hope of attaining the perfect turf. However, the negative effects that are associated with attaining mavens fancy turf is primarily caused by the direct use of pesticides and chemicals. The chemical pesticide industry fails to address these issues and has made every effort to keep this information from the public.Herbicides and pesticides are non a natural way to achieve a beautiful lawn, contrary to what lawn care companies would like people to believe. They are broad-spectrum biocides, and by their very nature fanny harm organisms other than the targeted species (Dieglman, 1996). Pesticide industries make false claims by stating that their chemicals are heavily diluted, failing to mention that toxins are still extremely dangerous in tiny amounts. Other false claims include companies like ChemLawn which state that a child would have to ingest ten cups of treated grass clippings to equal the toxicity of one aspirin. In fact, the real danger is not from grazing the lawn. Most poisonings come from inhaling pesticide residues or absorbing them through the skin (Begley, 1988). These chemicals include wartime defoliants such as element Orange, nerve-gas type pesticides, and artificial hormones (Dieglman, 1996). In some instances, pesticides like DDT, which remain active for many years, accumulate in our bodies and are released at potentially toxic levels. In women, lifetime exposures to such chemicals are released in the breast milk of her firstborn child ( global Joint Commission, 1990).Pesticides drift and settle during application where they can easily die houses and p... ...l and human health risks that outweigh its intended results. Alternative strategies must be developed which will bring about better results on the environment. Long long-lasting solutions, which require less time, are definitely the best p lace to start.ReferencesN. Diegelman. Poison in the Grass. 1996.Begley, Sharon, and Hager. Please Dont Eat the Daises. nakedsweek 16 May 1988.International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes. Selected Persistent Toxic Substances in Human Breast Milk in the Great Lakes Basin. March 1990.American shielder Network. Lawn Chemical Dangers. 1989.American Cancer Society, Erie County Branch. Warning The Use of Pesticides May Be Hazardous To Your Health. 1991.G. Davidson. Pesticides The Killing Fields. Womans Day. 1994. N. Polk. The Perfect Lawn Isnt Always Green. The New York Times, Oct. 17, 1990.

iraq :: essays research papers

IRAQ - VERY INTERESTING - DID YOU KNOW?> >> >> >> > 1 The garden of Eden was in Iraq.> >> >> >> > 2. Mesopotamia, which is instantaneously Iraq, was the cradle of civilization> >> >> >> > 3. Noah built the ark in Iraq.> >> >> >> > 4. The Tower of Babel was in Iraq> >> >> >> > 5. Abraham was from Ur, which is in Southern Iraq> >> >> >> > 6. Isaacs wife Rebekah is from Nahor, which is in Iraq.> >> >> >> > 7. Jacob met Rachel in Iraq.> >> >> >> > 8. Jonah preached in Nineveh - which is in Iraq.> >> >> >> > 9. Assyria, which is in Iraq, conquered the ten tribes of Israel.> >> >> >> > 10. Amos cried out in Iraq> >> >> >> > 11. Babylon, which is in Iraq, destroyed Jerusalem.> >> >> >> > 12. Daniel was in the lions den in Iraq> >> >> >> > 13. The three Hebrew children were in the fire in Iraq (Jesus had> >> > been> >> > in> >> > Iraq alike as the fourth person in the fiery furnace)> >> >> >> > 14. Belshazzar, the King of Babylon saw the "writing on the wall" in> >> > Iraq.> >> >> >> > 15. Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, carried the Jews captive into> >> > Iraq.> >> >> >> > 16. Ezekiel preached in Iraq.> >> >> >> > 17. The saucy men were from Iraq.> >> >> >> > 18. Peter preached in Iraq.> >> >> >> > 19. The "Empire of Man" described in Revelation is called> >> > Babylon,which> >> > was a city in Iraq> >> >> >> > And you have probably seen this one. Israel is the nation closely> >> > often> >> > mentioned in the playscript. But do you know which nation is second? It> >> > is> >> > Iraq However, that is not the name that is used in the Bible. The&g t >> > names> >> > used in the Bible are Babylon, Land of Shinar, and Mesopotamia. The> >> > word> >> > Mesopotamia means between the two rivers, more exactly between the> >> > Tigris> >> > and Euphrates Rivers. The name Iraq, means country with deep roots.> >> >> >> > Indeed Iraq is a country with deep roots and is a very significant

Symbolism In Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Tennesse

Symbolism In Tennessee Williams The internal-combustion engine Menagerie Symbolism is a major aspect in Tennessee Williams famous play, The Glass Menagerie. On the surface, the short cutting off of life story seems to be simple. However, if the reader digs deeper they will find that there are several symbols that give the play a deeper meaning. Each piece defines each symbol in a different way. Aside from character symbols, there is overall symbolism in this play. It is set in a memory, so it creates a soft, dream-like setting. This lends to the whole idea behind the play that the characters are unable to function in reality. None of the characters are capable of living in the present. all in all of the characters retreat into their separate worlds to escape the brutalities of life. (Ross).There are some very noticeable symbols that have been analyzed many times since study has begun on The Glass Menagerie. The first is the actual glass menagerie that represents the fragility of the Wingfields dreamlike existence. The second is the fire escape, which reflects each characters tendency to escape from reality in their own ways. The terzetto is the yellow dress, which represents youth and the past. The gentleman caller, Jim OConnor, represents change and alike hopes for the future, as well as a reflection of Amandas past. Tom also has his own symbols of escape. He uses his poesy and the movies to run from his problems at home.Literary symbols can be both universal and conventional symbols that derive additional meanings through their use in a finical work. (Kirszner and Mandell pg. 245)The actual animal collection, or glass menagerie, symbolizes each character and the story. Like the glass animals, the characters realities are very fragile and in danger of being shattered. It is also as though the characters are stuck in glass, unable to move or change, also like the glass animals. They are inanimate, as the characters have learned to be to hide and escape f rom the pain that life has given them. Laura sexual loves the glass animals because her family is like them. It will not take much, like Tom release, to shatter their whole world.Laura is symbolized by her fragile collection of glass animals, the glass menagerie. Her favorite animal is the unique unicorn. The unicorn is different because it has a horn. When Laura was in high school, she wore a b... ...r enrolled her in. She becomes physically ill when she thinks of leaving her protective shell of the apartment. When she does go to class, she throws up on the floor. When Jim comes over, she becomes faint. Then he breaks her unicorns horn. In this moment, it is as though this trauma with Jim has desensitized Laura to her fear of the unknown. The reader can totally hope that she gathers strength from this event, and she is able to get over her shyness and do something to better her chances for survival on her own.The change for Tom is less evident. He is separate as a dreamer. In this new industrial world, there is little room for those who are not hard working and practical. Jim calls him Shakespeare, although he secretly laughs at him for being so whimsical as wanting to be a poet. Jim, on the other hand is a practical and loyal man. He has aspirations of love family, and success. That is why he cannot stay in the Wingfield dreamland, and leaves as quickly as he arrives there.The many symbols in The Glass Menagerie can be construe in several ways. These are just a few interpretations derived from reading the play and other essays that analyze The Glass Menagerie.

business plan Essays -- essays research papers

Wedding Consultants 1.0 Executive Summary CMG Wedding Consultants is a full service company that provides complete consulting services for weddings, birthdays, anniversaries and every(prenominal) other special event. Our consultants are experienced and dedicated professionals with many years of event planning experience. CMG is unique in that we give our clients our undivided attention. We listen to their involve and work with them to create the event of their dreams. Our clients wishes become our commands. So whether our client wants a Western, Tropical, Las Vegas or more than traditional wedding, we send packing help. Our services include weddings, honeymoons, receptions, anniversary consultations, reckon planning, answers to etiquette questions, as well as full-service florists, hair stylists, entertainers, musicians, etc. We also provide the inventions and thank you notes 1.1 Objectives Whether this is our clients first wedding, a renewal of their vows or their anniversary, we want every degree of their event to be both a pleasurable and a memorable experience. With our full service the client does not have to stress on acquire everything done, we do it all for them. Therefore we offer a host of packages and services specifically tailored to the needs of each couple. 1.2 Mission At CMG our mission is to extend our customers pleased Partys can be very stressful and time consuming, we are here to take the pressure of the client so they can spend more leisure time with family. We listen to their needs and work with them to create the event of their dreams. Our clients wishes become our commands. We are confident that this trade venture will be a success and we estimate that our 1.3 Keys to Success The keys to our success are as follows 1. Service our clients needs promptly and efficiently. 2. Maintain thin working relationships with vendors such as musicians, hair salons and bridal shops. 3. Maintain a professional image at all times. net income will increase more than 10% by the second year. 2.0 Company Summary CMG Wedding Consultants is a start-up company that provides wedding, reunions, and anniversary consulting services to brides, grooms and other family members. We are a full-service bridal consulting collection and our goal is to put the fun back into planning a wedding, birthday or anniversary party. Too many people become overly accentuate and frustrated when plan... ...eivables $51,322 $67,444 $74,775 Subtotal Cash from Operations $89,442 $113,188 $125,093 Additional Cash Received Extraordinary Items $0 $0 $0 Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received $0 $0 $0 New Current Borrowing $0 $0 $0 New Other Liabilities (interest-free) $0 $0 $0 New Long-term Liabilities $0 $0 $0 Sales of other Short-term Assets $0 $0 $0 Sales of Long-term Assets $0 $0 $0 Capital Input $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Cash Received $89,442 $113,188 $125,0 Expenditures 2001 2002 2003 Expenditures from Operations Cash Spent on Costs and Expenses $1,396 $1,029 $1,150 Wages, Salaries, Payroll Taxes, etc. $53,100 $76,200 $85,800 Payment of Accounts Payable $11,446 $9,556 $10,252 Subtotal Spent on Operations $65,942 $86,785 $97,202 Additional Cash Spent Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out $0 $0 $0 Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing $0 $0 $0 Other Liabilities Principal Repayment $0 $0 $0 Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment $0 $0 $0 get Other Short-term Assets $0 $0 $0 Purchase Long-term Assets $0 $0 $0 Dividends $0 $0 $0 Adjustment for Assets Purchased on Credit $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Cash Spent $65,942 $86,785 $97,202 Net Cash Flow $23,500 $26,404 $27,891 Cash Balance $28,500 $54,903 $82,794

News and Politics In the 1920s :: essays research papers

News and Politics In the 1920s The five years (1920-1925) chosen are exciting. There were presidents elected, oneness dying in office, baseball was still the national pastime, a major political scandal, and there were new inventions everywhereAlthough all of the events can be listed in chronological order and described as news, the 1920s had many exciting firsts. In telling about them, it seems to be better not to put them in any order. That makes them more interesting. That makes it easier to divide them into events. Those events make up the news, sports, industrial announce-ments, and political reports of the time.Warren Harding walked a couple of miles down Pennsylvania Avenue on the twenty-four hours he was sworn into office. He appointed the Republican Senator Albert Fall from New Mexico to the Department of The Interior. Secretary Fall became one of the major scandal makers in U. S. History.The Teapot dome affair (named for an oil field in Wyoming) was about oil. Albert Fal l believed that the Navys oil reserves, still underground, should be available to the private enterprise. That was against the law, especially since it was through for a bribe. communicate station KDKA out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was the first to make a broadcast in America. There were very few people listeningRadio receivers didnt exist for the general population. Americans soon caught on to the idea and demanded radio sets for their homes.A previous World Series was scandalized by bribery. By 1921, Shoeless Joe Jackson, and eighter from Decatur others of the Chicago White Sox players were on trial. Baseball really took it hard. In that same year, baseball enjoyed the first radio broadcast of the World Series, and the Giants beat the Yankees.Colonel Billy Mitchell refractory to prove his theory of airpower to the big shots in 1921. Using German ships from the Great War, Col. Mitchells bombers sank the former dreadnaughts pretty easily. Although he was correct, the brass disli ked him for showing up the Navy, and the star (General Staff) was never put on his collar. Air-power did take its place in the military and it became every bit as important as he hoped.The other(a) Twenties sure went by fast Lt. Al Williams broke the air speed record in 1923. He was flying a Curtis Racer when he passed 273.7 mph at an airfield in St. Louis, Missouri. The President died in office. The newly sworn President Mr.

News and Politics In the 1920s :: essays research papers

News and Politics In the 1920s The five years (1920-1925) chosen atomic number 18 exciting. There were presidents elected, one dying in office, baseball was still the national pastime, a major political s can buoydal, and there were new inventions everywhereAlthough all of the events can be listed in chronological order and described as news, the 1920s had many exciting firsts. In telling about them, it seems to be better not to put them in any order. That makes them more interesting. That makes it easier to divide them into events. Those events make up the news, sports, industrial announce-ments, and political reports of the time.Warren Harding walked a couple of miles down Pennsylvania path on the day he was sworn into office. He appointed the Republican Senator Albert Fall from New Mexico to the Department of The Interior. Secretary Fall became one of the major scandalization makers in U. S. History.The Teapot Dome affair (named for an oil field in Wyoming) was about oil. Albe rt Fall believed that the Navys oil reserves, still underground, should be available to the unavowed enterprise. That was against the law, especially since it was done for a bribe.Radio station KDKA out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was the first to make a broadcast in America. There were very few community listeningRadio receivers didnt exist for the general population. Americans soon caught on to the idea and demanded radio sets for their homes.A previous World Series was scandalized by bribery. By 1921, Shoeless Joe Jackson, and eight others of the Chicago White Sox players were on trial. Baseball really took it hard. In that same year, baseball enjoyed the first radio broadcast of the World Series, and the Giants amount the Yankees.Colonel Billy Mitchell decided to prove his theory of airpower to the big shots in 1921. Using German ships from the Great War, Col. Mitchells bombers sank the former dreadnaughts pretty easily. Although he was correct, the brass dislike him for sho wing up the Navy, and the star (General Staff) was never put on his collar. Air-power did take its place in the military and it became every bit as important as he hoped.The Early Twenties sure went by fast Lt. Al Williams broke the air speed record in 1923. He was flying a Curtis Racer when he passed 273.7 mph at an airfield in St. Louis, Missouri. The President died in office. The newly sworn President Mr.

Generation of Electricity Through Coal in Pakistan

At present, the people ar facing severe loadshedding/black unwrap problems due to shortage of power supplement. Industries argon closing down. Millions of Man hours have been lose leading to an increase in poverty and economic loss of billions of rupees to the earth. It is happening despite the facts that approximately 60% of Pakistans population has an access to electrical energy. And according to beingness nix Statistics 2011, produce by IEA, Pakistans per capita electricity consumption is one-sixth of the World Average.World average per capita electricity Consumption is 2730 kWh compared to Pakistans per capita electricity consumption of 451kWh. It is irresponsible to understand the crises. According to Pakistan Energy Year Book 2011, Pakistans installed capacity for power generation is 22,477MW and the demand is approximately the same. The question arises that if the demand and supply has no gap then why we are facing such a crucial electricity crises. To get the answ er we direct to look into Pakistans electricity generation mix fuel wise.Unfortunately, oil & fluff has 67% share in electricity generation. Pakistan is generating 35% of its electricity from furnace oil that is mostly trade. Pakistan spends over 12 billion US dollars for the import of furnace oil high speed diesel and crude petroleum that fare is equivalent to 60% of total export cyberspace and is a serious strain on countrys economy. It was recorded that in socio-economic class 2011, the import of furnace oil increased by 19% compared to 2010 import.Moreover, the trade furnace oil is high sulphur furnace oil because pitiful sulphur furnace oil is costly. The splasheous emissions from High sulphur furnace oil are polluting the environment and deteriorating the power plants as well. The bitter fact is that the per unit cost of electricity generated from imported furnace oil is high and is expected to increase further due to high forecasted increase in the oil prices. The p er unit price of the electricity generated from furnace oil is neither viable for industrial consumers nor for domestic consumers.At the same time, Pakistan is generating 32% of its electricity from Natural Gas. According to Pakistan Energy Year Book, 2011, Pakistan has 27. 5trillion cubic feet (TCF) balance recoverable gas militia. Current gas production is 4 billion cubic feet per day (bcfd) and the demand is 6 bcfd. The gas production is expected to fall to less than 01 bcfd by 2025 due to depletion and demand leave alone increase to 8 bcfd. While depleting the indigenous natural gas militia, somewhat one third of the natural gas is used for electricity eneration (32%) causing a severe domestic and industrial load shedding. That has significantly damaged countrys export earnings and increased the import bill. The proposed Iran gas subscriber line would provide only when 01 bcfd at a cost of $ 1. 25 billion. The proposed TAPI gas pipeline would provide 3. 2 bcfd to 3 countri es at a cost of $ 7. 6 billion. In response to a demand of 8 bcfd, we will be having 3 bcfd in 2025 if both proposed are completed. The gap will be 5 bcfd. The available gas will have 66% share of costly imported gas.In the light of above elucidated facts, it is evident that it will not be possible to feed gas based power plants in future that contri hardlye 32 % of the power generation. In the light of above discussion, it is evident that electricity generated from Oil and gas is not an economically feasible option and the installed capacity of about 15000MW (67%) out of 22477MW would not be operational. inter subject area Energy Agency has forecasted that total electricity demandof the country will be 49078MW in 2025. This is a great challenge to elicit the installed capacity to 50000MW from 7000MW.Currently, Pakistan is generating 6481 MW of electricity from hydel sources that is 29% of the total installed capacity. If country completes all the proposed hydel projects including Bhasha Dam, the hydel contribution would be 15000MW until 2025 that is 29%. The biggest challenge is to redesign the electricity portfolio and substitute the oil and gas with an abundantly available indigenous fuel source. Pakistan must develop indigenous energy resources to meet its future electricity needs. Pakistan can overcome this energy crisis by utilising its un-used blacken reserves.Coal is a game changer for Pakistan. Currently, 40. 6% of foundations electricity is being generated from sear and it is the single largest contributor in creation electricity generation. By looking at the electricity generation mix of the countries that are gay with sear, it is evident that char is the largest contributor. For instance, Poland, South Africa, china, India, Australia ,Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Ger legion(predicate), USA,UK, Turkey , Ukraine and Japan are generation 96%, 88%,78%, 78%, 77%, 72%, 69. 9%, 52. %, 52%, 37%, 31. 3%, 27. 5% and 22. 9% of electricity from coal. Pakistan is the only country that is blessed with 185 billion tons of coal and is producing negligible electricity from coal 0. 6%). Thar deposit alone is estimated to be 175 billion tons. It is further estimated that if all the Thar coal is extracted out and converted into electricity through coal fired power plants, it can provide 100,000MW for more than 500 years. There is a dire need to devise a strategy to utilise Thar Coal for power generation.Centre for Coal Technology Punjab University has conducted analysis of 328 samples of coal from all four provinces and AK including Thar coal. A substantial amount of coal in Punjab, Balochistan, KPK, AK and Sindh has high sulphur and ash content that is a challenge to utilise this coal for power generation. All the analysis carried out since 1994 to 2012 by G Couch, geological survey of Pakistan, Oracle coal fields, Centre for coal technology show that Thar coal has a sulphur content up to 1% that is the beauty of this coal that irrita tes it suitable for direct combustion for power generation.At UK-Pakistan coal conference where CEO of valet association for Underground coal gasification (UCG ) Julie Lauder and Robert Davidson of International Energy Agency gave presentations and informed the audience that UCG is still in experimentation stage and pilot operations are being carried out at variant locations but UCG syn gas is not being used commercially yet. The experimentation is going on since 1928 for the coals that are deeper than 300 meters and not minable. Let me make it wanton that I am not against UCG as a technique.My considered opinion is that Thar geology is against the pre-requisites for UCG. Here are some concerns regarding UCG of Thar Coal 1. The geological structure of Thar block three has been published by geological survey of Pakistan. This structure is against the fundamentals of Underground gasification (UCG) given in e very book. First condition for UCG is that the coal should be 300 measur ing rod or more deep. Where as in Thar the coal seams are present at a depth of 150 meter. Secondly, on that point should be no piss around the deposit whereas Thar coal is immersed in piddle.The aquifer above the coal zone is at about 120 m. then a strata of sand stone and dust stone. The water table ranges between 52. 70 to 93. 27 meter depth. Right below the first coal zone, there are both to three perched aquifers that are aquifers within coal zone with sand horizons of medium to coarse grains. According to experts, the water can also be used for irrigation. Then after the coal seams, a deep aquifer at 200m depth is present. This aquifer is a source of water for tube wells installed in Thar. 2.Moreover, all the analysis carried out by variant organisations at different times show that coal itself contains about 46% moisture in it. 3. For complete burning of coal in UCG, a temperature of 1000C is demand. It is anticipate that the temperature will not be maintained at 1000 C due to 46% moisture leading to an incomplete burning of coal. The volatile head will burn and FC content / the most valuable component may remain un-burnt leading to a very low HV gas. 4. About one year ago, Dr. M. Saleem (a member of Dr. Samar Team) predicted that the syn gas obtained will have a calorific appraise of 106 BTU/cubic foot.Now they claim that they have obtained a gas but have not stated the calorific value yet. This claimed HHV is one-tenth of Natural gas. Due to high moisture content, it would be lower than this claimed value. 5. It is expected to yield production of very low grade and uneconomic syn gas, bearing high proportions of water vapours, carbon dioxide and sulphureted. 6. The gas with such a low heating value cannot be linked with the national grid. On 25th July, 2012 Dr. Samar briefing Standing Committee on Information Technology said that gas companies have refused to buy this gas. 7.If the heat contained in 46% moisture, compressors energy consumpt ion, energy required for carbon dioxide removal, water removal, H2S, (Hydrogen Sulphide) HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide) removal, tar removal and other operational energy consumption is subtracted from the per unit syngas net heating value (that is vital for power generation) will be further lowered. 8. As the gasification proceeds, the water seepage from the upper aquifer will continue leading to further decrease in temperatures inside the chambers resulting further incomplete burning and yielding much lower HV gas a yearn with un used air. . The sulphur content in the Thar coal will generate H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) during gasification leading to an environmental catastrophe in Thar as a result of poisonous gases like H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) and HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide) from the UCG chambers to the surface through the very loose overlying strata and through newly developed or pre-existing cracks etc. 10. There will possibly be contamination of underground water so precious in Thar area, with poisonous chemicals originating from the burn chambers. 11. Proper scrutiny of Thar coal project is missing.One cannot find the models of the Thar UCG operation especially the reaction kinetics, heat transfer, gas flow etc ? that are fundamental for every project. 12. For UCG research, experts are of the opinion that the location allotted block V is not a right location because to chip the operation will not be easy and that can destroy the entire deposit. It should have been an isolated location. On the basis above stated concerns, achievement of very low grade and uneconomic syn gas, bearing high proportions of water vapours, carbon dioxide and sulphurated hydrogen due to high water and sulphur contents of the Thar coal is expected.The s complete of Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand project was to generate electricity. But after claimed trials, he is now trying to give a new lolly pop to the nation that diesel and methanol will be produced from Thar coal gas. The question is that India, China and USA and all other countries are generating electricity from coal why they are not producing methanol and diesel? Can you tell the nation how much percentage of global coal is used for these obsoleted routes compared to the coal used for power generation?Pakistan has about 83 sugar mills and methanol can be produced as by product of sugar at much cheaper rate with very teeny investment compared to the coal route suggested by Dr. Samar. Being a coal technologist and chemical process technologist I can warn that without wise to(p) the process details, economics and economies of scale, a nuclear- political scientist is misleading the nation. If UCG of Thar is a wise option, why commercial organisations like Sindh Engro coal Mining Comp either, Oracle coal field, UK and spheric Mining, China are opting aerofoil pit digging at Thar.Definitely, any profit making organisation that believes in no free lunch will go for tested commercial technologies. Only a group of retired hit and trial masters from various fields other than coal can relent this luxury on state expenses. Currently,8142 trillion watt hour of electricity is being generated from world coal. Out of which how much is generated from UCG? The answer is zero. In response to my endure UK-PK coal conference statement of Dr . Samar Mubarak Mands lobby through a journalist managed a news item against me in occasional News on 23rd July, 2012.I strongly condemn the highly objectionable language he used. Instead of presenting his view point he tried for character assassination. He declared me as an American agent because I have technically exposed them. I understand that Dr. Samar and his fellows who get heavy Financial benefits from Thar UCG project consider everyone as their personal enemy who criticize the Thar UCG project honestly. Dr. A. Q Khan raised questions on Thar UCG project and declared that Dr Samar intellectually dishonest. Is he an American Agent?Now a days, Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand is running PPP Election Campaign to get heavy funds released. Despite the appearance of Dr. Samar in PPP media campaign on TV for following(a) elections, Federal Minister for water and power Chaudhry Ahmad Mukhtar has stated in a TV talk show Awam ki Adalat on Geo TV dated 15-07-2012 that there is no truth in Dr. Samars claims. Is he an American Agent? Dr. Shahid Naveed, Dean of Engineering, University of Engg& Tech Lahore has similar views on Thar UCG project. Is he an American agent?Daily The Nation in its editorial on 11 august 2012, wrote that Dr Mubarakmands has been the lone voice in the country advocating the idea and demanded a team of world class experts to do a feasibility study, covering technical as well as financial aspects prior to pour huge investment in this project that is what I have pointed out. What. The senior journalist with so-called solid knowledge should learn the art of investigation based journalism and note that I have doctorate in the area of coal technol ogy from UK and legion(predicate) international research publications in high impact factor journals are on my credit.I am not an alien in the field of coal technology like Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand. As far as the Angren project is concerned, no doubt its one of the oldest UCG site but IEA still ranked it as pilot project. It is an admitted fact that UCG as a technique is still not a commercial technology. My considered opinion is that opening pit mining is the right strategy to extract coal. Once the coal is in our hands, there will be many invertors for the establishment of coal-fired power generation plants and our beloved country would enjoy 100000MW cheaper electricity for five hindered years.The writer is the Professor & Director of Centre for Coal Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore. This news was published in print paper. Access complete paper of this day. electrical energy has become an essential part of our lives and its outage adversely affects the countrys economi c reaping and daily lives of common people. Since the past few decades, there has been an enormous increase in the demand of electricity and no appreciative stairs have been taken to cope up this issue. Now the demand has exceeded supply and loadshedding has become a common issue.Every day an outage of 3-4 hours has to be faced by the people and in summer period the outage length increases to an unbearable level which is making the lives miserable for everyone. What is the government activity doing to ensure a sustainable supply of energy resources for economic growth? What strategic steps are being taken to acquire energy resources in future? Is private sector willing to invest in Pakistans oil application? What are the incentives being offered to the foreign players to continue working in the exploration sector? What hurdles are stopping other big players around the world to enter Pakistan?What is the role of gas distribution companies so far? Are the citizens of Pakistan bein g robbed by energy giants with ever rising utility bills? What should be the received price of petroleum, kerosene and other oil products in Pakistan? When will the nation have loadshedding free electric supply? Have we been able to make long term contracts with the countries to provide uninterrupted supply of energy resources? Will the government be able to provide enough sources to the citizens for a sustainable economic growth? Have we lost the race for acquiring maximum energy resources for future survival?Pakistan has rich reserves of coal. Most of the power generation in many parts of the world is being done by using coal as an energy resource. Thar, Lakhra, Badin etc are some of the mammoth coal reserves in Pakistan. If we talk about Thar reserves only we get astonishing facts. Thar coal reserves of Sindh are about 850 trillion cubic feet, which is more than oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran put together. These reserves are estimated at 850 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of g as, about 300 times higher than Pakistans proven gas reserves of 28 TCF.Dr Murtaza Mughal, President of Pakistan Economy Watch, in a statement said that these reserves of coal worth USD 25 trillion could not only add to the electricity requirements of the country for the next 100 years but also save almost billions of dollars in staggering oil import bill. Just two percent usage of Thar coal can produce 20,000 MW of electricity for next 40 years, without any single second of loadshedding and if the whole reserves are utilised, then it can easily be imagined how much energy could be generated. The coal power generation would cost Pakistan PKR 5. 7 per unit while power generated by Independent Power Projects cost PKR 9. 27 It requires just 420 billion rupees initial investment whereas Pakistan receives annually 1220 billion from tax only. Chinese and other countries companies have not only carried out surveys and feasibility of this project but also offered 100 percent investment in the brave out seven to eight years but the petroleum gang always discouraged them in a very systematic way. Petroleum lobby is very strong in Pakistan and they are against any other means of power generation except for the imported oil.This lobby is the major beneficiary of the increasing oil bill that is estimated to be above 15 billion dollar this year. Beyond the shadow of any doubt coal energy is the most viable solution to the energy crisis situation in Pakistan. The government should seriously think about it and put untiring efforts to cater to the energy crisis situation in Pakistan by utilising coal reserves. BUSHRA ASIM Karachi Tuesday, May 22, 2012 More Sharing Services percentageShare on facebookShare on twitterShare on linkedinShare on stumbleuponShare on emailShare on facebook_like Thar coal Pakistans hope for energy self-sufficiencyBy Amjad Agha Recently it has been reported that the Planning Commission has determined to stop further financing of Underground Coal Ga sification (UCG) Project at Thar, since no encouraging results are forthcoming. This UCG project is the brainchild of Dr Samar Mubarakmand, who has been working on it for the last couple of years. This news has been given lot of coverage by the media, and a wrong impression is being created as if the Planning Commission has rejected the Thar coal. It is strike that so far the Planning Commission has not clarified their position.Obviously the objection pertains to underground gasification of the Thar coal and not the mining of the huge deposit of coal. Thar coal deposits are the largest resource discovered in the country, which can provide the much-needed solution for generating large amount of electricity for many many years at affordable price. The estimates demo that 135 to 175 billion tonnes of lignite coal can be obtained from the deposit, which can produce thousands of megawatts of electricity for decades. Thar coal can be obtained by open cast mining similar to the method us ed all over the world.The UCG is a method of converting unworked coal coal still in the ground into a combustible gas, which can be used for power generation. The UCG is at present not extensively used commercially, but research is going on to make it commercially attractive. However, the open pit mining of coal is the normal method being used, and most of the coal is being obtained in this manner. The UCG method is still in the research stage and if found suitable for Thar coal, it will be useful and economical. Therefore, Dr Mubarakmands project may be curtailed but should not be stop until it reaches last-place outcome.The open cast mining of Thar coal is the project, which the nation has been keenly awaiting, but for some unknown reasons the work on it has still not started. twain of months ago an article Thar Coal and Energy Security by Muhammad Younus Dagha was printed in Dawn newspaper. Dagha is the secretary coal and energy Sindh. In the article, he had stated that final arrangement have been completed by Global Mining Company of China for Block-1 and another by Sindh Engro Coal Mining for Block-II. The mining on these projects shall reportedly start by June. Are these dates still valid?The public is desperately waiting for any good news about electricity. The Planning Commission should straight clarify their statement on Thar coal and inform the public about the real status on start of mining. In my recent paper Electricity Crisis and Circular Debt, it was explained that real cause of the electricity crisis in the country is due to faulty fuel mix as we are using the highly high-ticket(prenominal) furnace oil as the main fuel for generating electricity. The fuel cost to generate one Kwh (unit) of electricity through furnace is about Rs 17-18.This does not include the fixed charges for the plant, transmitting and distribution costs and losses etc. Since the government cannot afford to buy the oil at this high price, therefore several thermal pow er plants are shut down or producing much below their capacity. A news item indicated recently that monthly requirement of furnace oil for power plants is 32,000 tonnes but only 10,000 tonnes of oil is being imported. Obviously the generation is accordingly low. The natural gas is another fuel which is being used but is in short supply and very little is available for generation of electricity.The country needs $5 billion for the import of oil, only one-third of the amount will be required if the fuel mix is changed from oil. Globally about 21,000Twh of electricity is consumed per year, 41 percent of this electricity is generated through coal. China generates 78 percent of its electricity through coal, India 68 percent, USA 48 percent but Pakistan only 0. 1 percent. The world does not use oil for electricity, as less than five percent of the world electricity is generated through oil, but Pakistan is using oil for 40 percent of its electricity, which obviously it cannot afford.Its t ime that we wake up to these realities, and concentrate on mining Thar coal and start generating electricity through this indigenous resource. Obtaining natural gas through fracturing of underground shale rocks is big news these days. The US is leading in this technology, and China is following very fast. Does Pakistan have any plans for expanding our natural gas production, again no information is passed on to the public. The writer is president of the Associated Consulting Engineers, occasion managing director of NESPAK, and former chief executive of Pakistan Hydro Consultants for the Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project

Advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine of precedent Essay

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the article of faith of precedent and how judges may incur bare-ass right. Include 1 case where judges have make new uprightness. The doctrine of precedent is an important feature of judge-made law (common law). This doctrine means that similar disputes should be decided by reference to the same legal principles, and that lower judiciarys are bound to follow the decisions of higher courts within the same court hierarchy. There are both advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine of precedent and the way in which judges may make new law. An advantage of judge made law is that decisions are based on principle pith that judges are not making up the law as they go.The doctrine of precedent provides for union in the application of the law, which therefore promotes justice and fairness (as the courts will decide like cases in the same way). There is also some degree of certainty, as the outcome of cases can be predicted based on previo us decisions. The advantage of precedent is that it allows for the law to grow to control new situations, and to be flexible to meet changing needs which therefore provides for the efficient operation of the legal system.On the other hand, judge-made law is slow to evolve. The courts are not free to make law in the same sense as parliament. Unlike parliament, judges cannot make law as an immediate response to a community demand or when a general need is perceived. A disadvantage of precedent is that rigidity and inflexibility may develop where judges are reluctant to depart noncurrent or inappropriate precedents. Uncertainty can also arise where there is more than one precedent that may apply to a particular even up of circumstances. Change may be slow and irregular because change can only occur when a complainant has a significant case that is written report to an appeal. Given the cost of litigation, not all complainants may be prepared to persist with a legal action under th ese circumstances. Also, the law develops retrospectively meaning that a problem must exist before the court will consider the circumstances it does not operate to avoid possible conflicts.Landmark decisions (from which new principles develop) are few and far between. They usually arise from cases on appeal heard in the highest courts. An example of an Australian case where judges have made new law is Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills 1936 AC 85. This case involved similarcircumstances to the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932 AC 562. In this case the plaintiff, Dr. Grant, bought some woollen underwear from a store. The underwear had been manufactured by the Australian Knitting Mills Ltd. Dr. Grant suffered dermatitis as a result of wearing the woollen underwear. It was later discovered that the condition was caused by the excessive use of chemicals in the process used to make the underwear.According to the doctrine of precedent, the court would have applied the rule of l aw stated in Donoghue v. Stevenson to the case of Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills. Like Mrs. Donoghue, Dr. Grant was deemed to be a neighbour. He was a person who was closely and directly affected by the act of the manufacturer and the manufacturer ought to have had him in mind as being affected when preparing the underwear. The manufacturer had a duty to take reasonable care to avoid acts that they could reasonably foresee would be likely to injure consumers much(prenominal) as Dr. Grant. Dr. Grant was successful in his claim for damages. This was the first Australian case to adopt the legal principle of negligence. In summary, judges make laws by comparing similar situations and following sets of principles to determine outcomes. This is known as the doctrine of precedent and it creates common law which has both advantages and disadvantages.

Family of Woodstock Essay

ABSTRACTThis paper will explore the factors that led the Founders to create the Family of Woodstock while discussing its ability to meet the needs of the community. tho discussion will include creation of the posts values, attitudes and beliefs and how they have changed over its 40 year period of service to the community and how specialization has fail a trend in the human services delivery.The Family of Woodstock, a affable service dominance, was founded by those individuals who felt that certain factors presented the opportunity for them to start a social service agency as a direct result of the Woodstock feast held in a town approximately 100 miles from their location. Many of those who attended the Woodstock fete brought little, if any, personal belongings or food with them. They were sleeping in parks and spent time hunting down food and/or shelter. In legion(predicate) cases, the attendees were looking for shelter, food and clothing. The community came together with one resident offering her home as well as her telephone service to prevent the Festival attendees from roaming through the area and possibly being arrested for vagrancy. This began the Family of Woodstock whose mission is to set up confidential and fully accessible crisis intervention, information, prevention, and support services to address the needs of individuals andfamilies.The scope of the agencys vision allows us to bring to bear resources to address a broad spectrum of human problems. (Family of Woodstock, 2014) With the commitment that the staff at Family would not tell good deal what to do nor pass judgment on them, the staff was instructed to listen and encourage those who came for help to make choices that would be of benefit. The staffs eventual goal was to consult people to existing agencies, but be able to fill in when no other agency could assist individuals seeking assistance. Family of Woodstock has become the premier agency for individuals and families seeking assis tance in the areas of homelessness, domestic military group, emergency services, child and adolescent services. The agency has certainly met the needs of their community and beyond. The Family provides numerous shelters and housing programs such as Family House a runaway and homeless youth facility the Darmstadt Shelter for the Homeless for men and women primarily in various stages of recover the Family Inn a shelter for homeless families the Washbourne House a domestic violence shelter for women and their children.The agency also provides supervised transitional living residences for homeless adolescents, and if necessary, their children. A fewer of the other programs that the Family of Woodstock provide are child care programs for the community, case management services for adult and adolescent substance abusers, inmates at the county jail, homeless individuals and families, victims of domestic violence as well as the general public. Non-residential services are provided to victims of domestic violence as well as supervised visits ordered by the local courts. Keeping in mind that the values, beliefs and attitudes of the Family of Woodstock may have changed over the 40 years since its inception, the original three concepts have continued and have been incorporated into how the Family continues to provide service to the community and its residents.Forty years ago, this fledging not for profit took its concepts from the way the founding members saw their commitment to the community. Today that commitment to the community continues with the addition of much programs and services to assist a broader spectrum of individuals and families who require service. The original client base were individuals and families who attended the Woodstock Festival straightaways clients are residents of the community, some of whom may be part of the original client basis and/or their family members. In this day and age,specialization has become the latest trend in the human service occupation and innovation is equally important and powerful.It is part of how agencies deliver outcomes today, while preparing for tomorrow. Not for profit leaders and others realize that processes, technologies and cultures must be part of the change today in order to deliver high-quality, cost-effective services in the future. However this change takes place, not for profit leaders and others know that in order for their agencies to explain change, they must assimilate the change with the unique positions that their agencies hold. In conclusion, the Family of Woodstock has moved forward utilizing their talents and abilities to seek changes which move their agency forward by providing more services than originally planned and utilizing their successful outcomes as the pivotal point.ReferencesBurger, W.R. (2011). Human services in contemporary America (8th ed.). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Family of Woodstock, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014 fromhttp//family ofwoodstockinc.org

Assignments essay Essay

tax assessors comments Qualification QCF level 7 Extended Diploma in Strategic Assessor name Atif Kauser Management & leaders Unit number and backup 4- Developing bodily culture Learner name fitting title Culture, Objectives and astir(p) unified humour Assessment Criteria Achieved? AC 1.1 explain how models of organisation culture can be used to achieve organizational objectives AC 1.2 explain the discrimination between organisational and study culture AC 1.3 analyse the corporate cultural profile in an organisation AC 1.4 discuss the impact of an organisations corporate culture in achieving its objectives AC 2.1 guess the animate climate of an organisation AC 2.2 recommend ways to improve corporate climate in an organisation AC 2.3 propose a framework of organisational values that meet the specific strategic and operational needs of an organisation AC 3.1 identify internal and external stakeholders of an organization AC 3.2 evaluate the effec tiveness of an organisations existing converse strategies AC 3.3 develop new communication strategies for stakeholders of an organisation that address differences in belief, values, customs andlanguage Assessor Feedback & Action Plan Learners Feedback Assessor signature Date Learner signature Date Assessment Criteria To achieve the criteria the turn up must found that the student is able to Task no. Evidence reference AC 1.1, 1.3, 1.4 Culture culture as shared values culture at upgrade levels sub-cultures professional 1 cultures Models Charles Handy power, role, person and task cultures Johnson and Scholes cultural web links to organizational objectives AC 1.2 Organizational culture industry culture national and supranational culture 1 models of culture eg Trompenaarss implicit-explicit factors,Scheins three levels National cultures methods of classifying national culture eg the work of Laurent, Hofstede and Trompenaars AC 2.1, 2.2 Climate profile how climate is defined difference between climate and culture 1,2 key aspects of organisational climate eg flexibility responsibility standards rewards clarity team commitment impact of management practices on climate impact of climate on efficiency and effectiveness AC 2.3 Values values or core values as a bring out of organisational culture crisis of ethics 2 in business and the new emphasis on value leadership framework for developing and supporting strong corporate core values AC 3.1, 3.3 Stakeholders customers, consumers, employees shareholders governments 1, 2 communities, business partnerships and alliances the increasing need to cooperate with people from different cultural groupings (including beliefs, values, customs and language) AC 3.2, 3.3 Communicating effectively strategies identifying potential barriers and ensuring strategies 1, 2 overcome them developin g self-awareness of own and organisational culture benefits of a diverse workforce acculturation programmes intercultural communication skills Assignment Cover SheetAssignment Title Culture, Objectives and improving corporate climate In this assessment you will have opportunities to provide evidence against the following criteria. Indicate the page numbers where the evidence can be found. Attach work where needed. Learners Name Assessor Atif Kauser Date Issue Completion Date Submitted On Qualification QCF Level 7 Extended Diploma in Strategic Management & Unit No & Title Unit 4 Developing Corporate Culture leadership Learner declaration I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and research sources are fully acknowledged. Learner signature Date Unit title 4- Developing corporate culture Qualification QCF Level 7 strategic management & leadership start date 01-04-2013 deadline 05-05-2013 Assessor Atif kauser Assignment title Culture, O bjectives and improving corporate climate Scenario Suppose you work for a business magazine called The Biz Talk. The editor has assigned you with the task of producing the Cover Story for the abutting edition. He wants youto write a detailed article with the title CULTURE, Objectives and Improving Corporate Climate. For this you will have to choose one organization of your interest, wear a primary and secondary investigation to gather facts and figures which will support you in writing the article.The article should cover and address the given tasks and government issues. Task 1 Having done with the primary and secondary research, conduct a critical evaluation to study the current practices of your chosen organization as a case study, and calculate and explain the profile of your chosen organization by addressing the following tasks Analyse the corporate cultural profile of your organisation Discuss the impact of your organisations corporate culture in achieving its o bjectives Explain how models of organisation culture taught to you in the tutorials can be used to achieve organisational objectives for your chosen organization Explain the difference between organisational and national culture by critically observing the presence of your organization in a particular country/region Evaluate the existing corporate climate of your organisation Identify the internal and external stakeholders of your organisation evaluate the effectiveness of your organisations existing communication strategies Provides evidence for outcome 1, AC 2.1, 3.1, 3.2 Task 2 Based on your analysis, propose recommendations andstrategies for further improvement in the areas defined below Recommend ways to improve the corporate climate in your organisation Propose a framework of organisational values that meets the specific strategic and operational needs of your organization Develop new communication strategies for stakeholders of your organisation that address differences in belief, values, customs and language Provides evidence for AC 2.2, 2.3, 3.3 This brief has been verified as being fit for purpose Assessor Atif Kauser tactual sensation Date Internal verifier Wajiha Daud Signature Date

The Effects of Missing Letters to the Reading Comprehension

CAVITE present tense UNIVERSITY (CvSU) DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS Indang, Cavite ( (046) 415-0021 ( (046) 415-0012 E-mail emailprotected com The Effects of Missing Letters to the Reading cognizance of second social class IT Students of Cavite State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Subject Experimental Psychology Prep ared By Ersando, Shalom G. Suansing, Glenda Mae E. March 2012 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Shalom G. Ersando was innate(p) in J. P Rizal Memorial Hospital Dasmarinas Cavite on January 15, 1994. She is now residing at Brgy. Cabezas, Trece Martires city,Cavite.She is the eldest among the two siblings of late Mr. Carlito B. Ersando and Mrs. Victoria G. Ersando. She finished her elementary at Palawit chief(a) School at Brgy. Cabezas Trece Martires City,Cavite in 2006. She stand ind her secondary at Tanza matter Trade School at Paradahan I Tanza Cavite. At Present she is now victorious up Bachelor of Science in Psychology at Cavite State Univer sity Indang Cavite. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Glenda Mae Suansing was born on August 23, 1994. She is the second child of Nerissa and horse parsley Suansing. She is currently residing at St. Michael Village, Sungay East, Tagaytay City.She has two siblings, Glen Mark and Gladys Suansing. She graduated her elementary at Tagaytay Elementary School. She was a consistent character awardee. She finished her secondary education at Tagaytay City Science National High School. She is currently ruminateing at Cavite State University taking up Bachelor of Science in Psychology. later on graduating college she is preparedness to pursue Industrial Pschology. She wants to become a Human Resource Practiti unrivalledr. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This experimental reoceanrch will not be complete without encouragement,assistance, choke off and inspiration turn out by several people.The authors wish to express their sincerest appreciation and gratitude to the following individuals who helped in the realization of thi s piece of work To Ms. Alodia Mercado, our adviser for her sound academic guidance and righteous support which enabled her to pursue this employment To Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes, for her using upful comments and suggestions that improved the study To Ms. Ivy Valerie Garcia for letting the tecs use her laptop To To the family of the seekers,for their love and support they gave me throughout the study My greatest praise and honor to our Lord Almighty who guided me through my or so difficult moments and problems.ABSTRACT SUANSING GLENDA MAE, ERSANDO SHALOM The Effects of Missing Letter to the Reading recognition of second yr IT Students of Cavite State University. Experimental Research. Bachelor of Science in Psychology. Cavite State University. March 2012, under the supervision of Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes. As meter training plays an important role in our lives, construe inclusion body is important for human progress. This experimental research proposes to investigate the effects of wanting earn to the variation material realization of pupils. The research is conducted at Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite.Fifteen respondents were necessitate for the Pre-test and the Post-test. Same person will be taking the Pre-test and Post-test. All fifteen respondents are second year BS IT students of Cavite State University. The cosmopolitan objective of the study was to determine the Reading Comprehension of Students with wanting earns. Specific every last(predicate)y, the study aimed to determine if there was a divergency between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post- Test. info and information were garner through the help of the respondents by answering the questionnaires regarding to their Reading Comprehension Skills deliverd by the researchers.TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL SHEET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . payoff OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . count OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signifi substructurece of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scope and Limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theoretical simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conceptual Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design no(prenominal)ation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sampling Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Gathering Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Statistical abbreviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LIST OF TABLES Table 1. A Distribution Table of the Pre-test Scores Table 2. A Distribution Table of the Post-test Scores Table 3. Difference of Pre-test and Post-test Scores LIST OF FIGURES intention 1. Parallel Letter Recognition Figure 2. Research Paradigm Figure 3. Graphic Representation of Pre-test Scores Figure 4. Graphic Representation of Post-test Scores LIST OF APPENDICES Budgetary Estimates (Appendix A) Calendar of Activities (Appendix B) Instrument (Appendix C) Statistical Analysis of Data (Appendix D) course of study Vitae (Appendix E) THE EFFECTS OF MISSING LETTERS TO THE READING COMPREHENSION OF 2nd YEAR IT STUDENTS OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY Glenda Mae Suansing Sh alom Ersando An experimental research prepared to the faculty of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, College of Arts and Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Experimental Psychology with Contribution No. ER1. Prepared under the supervision of Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes. INTRODUCTION Reading is a cognitive process of decoding characters or symbolisms in order to create a meat.It is a means of communicating and sharing of information. We do it automatically. It requires development, practice and studying. When we contemplate, we use our eyes to receive written symbols such as earn and we use our brain to shift them into haggling, sentences and paragraphs that communicate something to us. Many people read books, bleakspapers, magazines, comic books, etc. It is considered as a daily routine of other people who loved to read. Readers integrate the lyric they work read into their existing framework of fello wship or schema.Reading helps a lot in our vocabulary. It widens our knowledge about manner of speaking. Sometimes when we encountered unfamiliar words we cant understand it, but when we encountered the analogous word we already knew what its meaning because weve read it already read it in the past. Reading excessively helps us in communicating in many way for example say, your job or any job for that matter, and you need to read a contract for business purposes or however if you work at a supermarket, dont you need to know how to read in order to send the food that a person get to the right address.So as you see reading is just an element we need for day to day life. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine the reading comprehension of students with deficient earn. 1. What is the highest place of the scores obtained in the Pre-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University? 2. What is the highest rating of the scores obtained in the Post-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University? 3. Is there a significant difference between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post-test? . Do the scatty garner affect the reading comprehension of students? Objectives Generally, the study aimed to determine if there is a significant difference between reading with missing letters and reading with complete letters. Specifically, the study aimed to 1. to determine the highest rating of the scores obtained in the Pre-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University. 2. to determine the highest rating of the scores obtained in the Post-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University. 3. o determine if there is a significant difference between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post-test. 4. to determine the effects of missing letters to the reading comprehension of students. Hypotheses Ha There is a significant difference between rea ding the words with missing letters and reading with complete letters in the comprehension of the students. Ho There is no significant difference between reading the words with missing letters and reading with complete letters in the comprehension of the students. Significance of the StudyThis study will benefit the following beneficiaries Respondents This study will help the respondents to be familiarized in this casing of reading. The respondents will also enhance their vocabulary. Community This study will be a great help for the community in order for the people to be aware in this style of reading. School This study will benefit the school by teaching this style of reading not only for students but also for the teachers. Future Researchers This study will be a guide for the future researchers in order for them to deplete a background regarding to this study.This will also serve as their related literature. Scope and Limitation This study is about on how the students read and understand the meaning of a word if there is a missing letter on the word. This study will also test the vocabulary of the students. This study only involves 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. It is composed of 15 respondents from IT students. The study also limits the short period time give to conduct this research. Definition of Terms These are some foothold employ in the study Cognitive Psychology it is the study of internal and external processes of the brainWord Superiority Effect refers to the increase in efficiency of letter naming within words Reading Comprehension take aim of understanding when reading Pattern Recognition organization of stimuli Pre-Test test minded(p) before the Post-test Post-Test test given after the Pre- test Schema past experiences discourse levels of the independent variable Theoretical Framework This study justified the Parallel Letter Recognition. It is the model that most psychologists currently accept as most accurate is the parallel letter recognition model.This model says that the letters within a word are acknowledge simultaneously, and the letter information is used to cut the words. This is a very active area of research and there are many specific models that fit into this general category. The figure below is one popular formulation of this model. pic Figure 1 Parallel Letter Recognition Figure 1 shows a generic activation based parallel letter recognition model. In this example, the reader is seeing the wordwork. Each of the stimulus letters are processed simultaneously.The first meter of processing is recognizing the features of the individual letters, such as horizontal lines, diagonal lines, and curves. The details of this level are not critical for our purposes. These features are then sent to the letter detector level, where each of the letters in the stimulus word are recognized simultaneously. The letter level then sends activation to the word detector level. TheWin the first l etter detector position sends activation to all the words that have aWin the first position (WORDandWORK).TheOin the second letter detector position sends activation to all the words that have anOin the second position ( fall apart,WORD, andWORK). WhileFORKandWORDhave activation from three of the four letters,WORKhas the most activation because it has all four letters activated, and is thus the recognized word. Conceptual Framework Fig. 2 This study aimed to know the difference between the Pre-test and Post-test scores of the students in their reading comprehension. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents the related topics and studies regarding this study. It also presents the synthesis of all the topics.Pattern Recognition Our ability to recognize familiar types of things is a spectacular human characteristic. This attribute allows us to recognize an old friend in a sea of faces, to identify an entire musical theme from a few notes, to read words, to enjoy the taste of a vintage wine, or to appreciate the smell of a rose. It is a cognitive endowment that we mostly perform seamlessly, rapidly, and without over overmuch effort. In our everyday life, we use pattern recognition all the time, yet the cognitive structures which support pattern recognition are only recently understood. Cognitive Psychology, 6th edition, Robert Solso, p. 109) Researchers have discovered that top-down processing can influence our ability to recognize a variety of objects. It also influences our ability to recognize letters during reading. Most of the research on this topic examines how setting helps us recognize letters of the alphabet. Psychologists who study reading have realized for decades that a theory of recognition would be inadequate if it were based only as the information in the stimulus. (Cognition, 5th edition, Margaret Mathin, p. 42) immediate apprehension of InterpretationOne of the important principles to emerge in analyze of language processing is called the principle of immediacy of interpretation. Basically this principle says that people try to extract as much meaning out of each word as it arrives, and they do not wait until the end of sentences or even the ends of phrases to decide or how to interpret a word. For instance, Just and Carpenter (1980) studied the eye movements of subjects as they read a sentence. While reading a sentence, subjects will typically fixate or close to every word. Just and Carpenter find that the time subjects spend fixating or word is staple fiberally proportional to the amount of information provided by a word. Thus, if a sentence contain or relatively unfamiliar or a surprising word, they gap in that word. (Cognitive Psychology & Its Interpretation,John R. Anderson) Reading Comprehension Reading comprehension is a complex undertaking that involves many levels of processing. One of the most fundamental aspects of comprehension is the ability to deal with unfamiliar words encountered in text. Read ers who struggle with word-level tasks use up valuable cognitive space that could be allotted to deeper levels of text analysis.It is not enough to rely on context cues to predict the meaning of new words, since this strategy often results in erroneous or superficial understandings of key terms, especially in suffice-area reading (Paynter, Bodrova, & Doty, 2005). Mature readers need to possess a basic knowledge of how words work and a set of strategies for approaching new words encountered throughout the day. (http//www. edu. gov. on. ca/eng/research/mcquirter. pdf) How word knowledge affects reading comprehension Vocabulary knowledge is one of the best predictors of reading achievement (Richek, 2005).Bromley (2004), in a comprehensive review of research on vocabulary development, concludes that vocabulary knowledge promotes reading fluency, boosts reading comprehension, improves academic achievement, and enhances thinking and communication. Spelling is also an important considerat ion in reading comprehension. The concepts about sound patterns that children learn in the proterozoic years through invented art objecting and direct spelling instruction help them to decode new words in their reading. As they mature and begin to spell longer and more complex words, children apply the concepts of base words, prefixes, and suffixes to their spelling.This knowledge of morphology, in turn, helps them to deconstruct longer words encountered in their reading. Templeton (2004) argues that spelling knowledge provides the basis for intelligible awareness and understanding of morphology, which, in turn, may guide the systematic growth of vocabulary knowledge. Considering the strength of vocabulary knowledge in predicting reading achievement, the complex interrelationships among these areas are significant. (http//www. edu. gov. on. ca/eng/research/mcquirter. pdf) Missing letter effectIn cognitive psychology, the missing letter effect refers to the finding that, when peop le are asked to consciously detect target letters while reading text, they miss more letters in frequent, function words (e. g. the letter t in the) than in less frequent, meaning words. The missing letter effect has also been referred to as the reverse word high quality effect, since it describes a phenomenon where letters in more frequent words fail to be identified, instead of letter identification benefitting from increased word frequency.The effect is usually measured using a paper-and-pencil procedure, where readers are asked to circle a target letter every time they come across it while reading a short enactment. The missing letter effect is more likely to appear when reading words that are part of a normal sequence, than when words are embedded in a mixed-up sequence (e. g. readers asked to read backwards). The missing-letter effect for putting surface function words It has been proposed that function words such as for and on conceal their letters because their higher fa miliarity allows fast access to their unitized representations.However, this study shows that letter perception in function words varies with their linguistic role in text. When such words were embedded in a phrase where they were forced into a content role by the surrounding context (e. g. , for or against or on switch ), letter detection improved markedly and did not differ from that of matched content words. The result was replicated when the context preceding the function word and the overall sentential meaning were equated for both function and content usages.The results support a late-stage structural invoice of the function-disadvantage effect, where the syntactic units that support the structural frame of a sentence are lost in the transition from structure to meaning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) Word superiority effect In cognitive psychology, the word superiority effect (WSE) refers to the phenomenon that people are more accurate in recog nizing a letter in the context of a word than they are when a letter is presented in isolation, or when a letter is presented within a nonword (e. g. WXRG).Studies have also found a WSE when letter identification within words is compared to letter identification within pseudowords. (e. g. WOSK) and (e. g. WERK). The effect was first described by Cattell (1886), and important contributions came from Reicher (1969) and Wheeler (1970) . The WSE has since been exhaustively studied in the context of cognitive processes involved during reading. Large amounts of research have also been done to try to model the effect using connectionist networks. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word_superiority_effect) Several studies have shown a correlation between working memory and reading comprehension.Daneman and Carpenter (1980) used a dine-task procedure in which both tasks (reading and remembering) use a angiotensin-converting enzyme verbal memory state. A compromise position suggests that the pho nological component of working memory acts as a sort of back-up memory. When sentences are short or easily comprehended it is not needed with syntactically more complex or lengthy sentences processing may lay behind the input and so the representation in the phonological store needs to be consulted. (McCarthy and Worrington, 1990) Transfer to Long Term MemoryVerbal rehearsals may be necessary in acquiring some kinds of knowledge such as learning new vocabulary words. New words need to be first remembered by sound like a representation cannot be retrieved to long term memory. Ebbinghaus discovered another unique findings the serial position effect. It can be found in memory for lists even when serial anticipation is not required. Working Memory Working memoryhas been defined as the system which actively holds information in the mind to do verbal and nonverbal tasks such as reasoning and comprehension, and to make it available for further information processing.Working memory tasks ar e those that require the goal-oriented active monitoring or manipulation of information or behaviors in the face of interfering processes and distractions. The cognitive processes involved include theexecutiveandattentioncontrol ofshort-term memorywhich provide for the interim integration, processing, disposal, and retrieval of information. Working memory is a theoretical concept central both tocognitive psychologyandneuroscience. Synthesis We use pattern recognition in our daily lives, most likely in reading in how we recognize letters.It is an ability where only humans can do. One of the most astray demonstrated phenomena in the research on recognition is the Word Superiority Effect. harmonize to the word superiority effect, we can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a word that it appears alone by itself or in a string or same letter. As we are reading a book or any reading material, our brain process the meaning of a word. It is naturall y done by our brain. By the help of our schema or past experiences, when we encountered a familiar word, we can easily recognize it.But its quite difficult for us to understand the meaning of a word if we never encountered it in our past. METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the researchers will describe the research design, sampling technique, respondents, research prick, data gathering procedure and the statistical analysis that they used. Research Design The research design that the researchers used was the Within Subject Design. A within-subjects design is a type of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to every treatment or condition. For the Pre-test, the respondents well be not exposed to treatment.For the Post-test, the students will be now exposed to the treatment which is the missing letters in the passage. Psychologists often use them to test the relative usefulness of a new treatment, often a difficult proposition. One of the greatest advantages of a within -subjects design is that it does not require a large pool of participants. Generally, a similar experiment in a between-subjects design would require twice as many participants as a within-subjects design. A within-subjects design can also help reduce errors associated with individual differences.In a between-subjects design where individuals are randomly appoint to a treatment condition, there is free a possibility that there may be fundamental differences between the groups that might impact the results. In a within-subjects design, individuals are exposed to all levels of a condition, so the results will not be distorted by individual differences. Each participant serves as his or her own baseline. Design Notation O1XO2 O1 = Pre-test O2 = Post-test X = Treatment (Missing Letters) Sampling Technique Random sampling method was used.The researchers used the bow of random sampling for choosing the respondents. The respondents were 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. I n random prove, each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. If more than one individual is to be selected for the sample, there essential be constant probability for each and every selection. Respondents The researchers need 15 students for pre-test and post-test. Same person were taking the pre-test and post-test. Research Instrument The instrument that the researchers used was a test questionnaire. The est questionnaire is composed of a short passage or story and then it is followed by a 10 item question. Treatment For the first passage in the pre-test, a normal passage with complete letters is given. For the post-test, the passage contains words with missing letters. This treatment will be given to 15 respondents. This will tests if it is good or effective to use. Data Gathering Procedure The researchers need to provide questionnaires for the respondents regarding to their Reading Comprehension skills. The researchers need to provide questionnaires until they fall upon the minimum ( 15) respondents.After that Pre-test will be given in the respondents. And the post-test will be given to know if missing letters will affect the Reading Comprehension of the respondents. Statistical Analysis The researchers used the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is a non-parametric statistical test for testing hypothesis on median. It is used when we wish to compare two sets of scores that come from the same participants. This can occur when we wish to investigate any change in scores from one time point to another or individuals are subjected to more than one condition.As the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test does not assume normality in the data it can be used when this assumption has been violated and the use of thedependent t-testis inappropriate. The advantage with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is that it neither depends on the form of the parent distribution nor on its parameters. It does not require any assumptions about the shape of the distribution. For computing the mean, the researchers used the formula below. The researchers summed up all the scores and divided the total by the number of scores. pic Where pic is the symbol for the mean pic is the symbol for summationX is the symbol for the scores N is the symbol for the number of scores For computing the standard deviation, the researchers used the formula pic Where S is the symbol for standard deviation pic is the value of the mean pic is the symbol for summation Xi represents each data value from i=1 to i=N.. N is the sample size RESULTS and DISCUSSION This chapter contains the analysis and interpretation of the results that we have gathered. The results gathered were organized, tabularized, discussed and analyzed in this section. The table contains the scores obtained by the students in the Pre-test and Post-Test.Table 1. A Distribution table of the Pre-test scores paygrade Frequency(f) Percentage(%) clarified 0 0 Very severe 4 26. 7 sizable 8 46. 7 Poor 3 26. 7 Total 15 blow suppose 2. 0 Standard Deviation 0. 75593 Verbal Interpretation Poor Legend Poor 0-3 Good 4-5 Very Good 6-7 Excellent 8-10. Table one shows the pre-test scores by 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. Out of fifteen students, 3 or 26. 7% of the students got Poor rating 8 or 46. 7% of the students got Good rating 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Very Good rating and no one got Excellent rating. According to Anderson and Freebody (1981), it is well established that good comprehenders tend to have good vocabularies. This correlation, however, does not mean that teaching vocabulary will increase readers comprehension, for that is a causal conclusion.As it turns out, however, when reading educators conducted experiments in which vocabulary was either taught to students or not, comprehension improved as a function of vocabulary instruction. In the pre-test, the researchers included some difficult or unfamiliar words that the researchers think the students didnt encounter before. As shown in the pre-test scores, the respondents tend to have poor reading comprehension and vocabulary. The low scores they got was a proof that if a word is unfamiliar and unrecognizable you cant easily understand it. Table 2. A Distribution table of Post-Test Scores Rating Frequency(f) Percentage(%) Excellent 4 26. 7 Very Good 3 20 Good 4 26. 7 Poor 4 26. Total 15 100 Mean 2. 5 Standard Deviation 1. 18723 Verbal Interpretation Poor Legend Poor 0-3 Good 4-5 Very Good 6-7 Excellent 8-10. Table 2 shows the post-test scores from the same students who took the pre-test. Out of fifteen students, 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Poor rating 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Good rating 3 or 20% of the students got Very Good rating and 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Excellent rating. According to a research study, there are much more effective ways to teach comprehension. Much work has been done in the area of teaching novice readers a bank of reading strategies, or tools to interpret and analyze text.There is not a definitive set of strategies, but common ones include summarizing what you have read, monitoring your reading to make sure it is still making sense, and analyzing the structure of the text. Some texts, like in philosophy, literature or scientific research, may appear more difficult to read because of the prior knowledge they assume. Because the texts were unfamiliar, readers dont understand it. Analysis of research findings reveal that if a reader is to become very good at comprehending what he reads he must meet two principal learning requirements. They must (1. know words and (2. ) be able to reason with physical text. In the post-test, the treatment was administered. Some words in the passage have missing letters. According to Just and Carpenter (1980), who studied the eye movements when reading, if a sentence contains unfamiliar words, the reader will pause in that word. Thus, whe n the respondents were reading the passage, whey saw the words with missing letters, they paused as their brain processed to recognize that word. The respondents extract meaning to that word as they read it. Table 3. Difference of Pre-test and Post-Test Scores Rating Pre test frequency Post-test frequency Excellent 0 4 Very Good 4 4 Good 8 3 Poor 3 4 Total Mean 2. 0 2. 5 *Legend Poor 0-3 Good 4-5 Very Good 6-7 Excellent 8-10. Table 3 shows the difference of pre-test and post-test scores. As a whole, it shows that most of the students got high scores in the post-test. The total mean scores of the students in the pre-test is 2. 0 which is similar to Poor rating. The total mean of scores of students in the post-test is 2. which is equivalent to Poor rating also. Thus, there is a 0. 5 difference in the mean scores. After computing the difference of the pre-test and post-test scores using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, the result of the asymptotic significance is 0. 01. Thus, the researchers should reject Ho because the result of asymptotic significance of the study is less than 0. 050. The results have showed that the students were more capable in answering the passage with missing letters. The results gathered by the researchers showed that the missing letters affect the reading comprehension of the students. It positively helped the students to understand well the passage.According to Paynter, Bodrova and Doty (2005), one of the most fundamental aspects of comprehension is the ability to deal with unfamiliar words encountered in text. In the passage, maybe the students have encountered it before so that they understand the passage. Readers who struggle with word-level tasks use up valuable cognitive space that could be allotted to deeper levels of text analysis. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The summary provides comprehensible summary on how the study was conducted. It also presents the list of findings, state the conclusion and some of the rec ommendations. Summary The study aimed to determine whether there are differences between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters.Specifically, the study aimed to 1) determine the rating of IT students in the Pre-test 2) determine the rating of IT students in the Post-test 3) determine the significant difference between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post-test 4) determine the effect of missing letters to the reading comprehension of the students. The researcher conducted their study at Cavite State University from February 17 to March 8, 2012. The researcher used the within subject design for their study. The researcher used random sampling method where they used the table of random numbers to choose their respondents. Their respondents were 2nd year BS IT students, 15 students in pre-test and another 15 students in post-test. The researchers used a survey test questionnaire that was composed of a short passage and followed by 10 questions.The formula to determine the level of students in Pre-test was frequency tallies and percentage. The formula used to determine the level of reading comprehension in Post-test was also frequency tallies and percentage. In determining the significant difference between the Pre-test and Post-test scores, the formula that the researchers used was Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The findings resolved that there is a significant difference between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters. From the asymptotic significance obtained from the pre-test and post-test we should reject Ho and accept Ha. Conclusions Based on the findings and the data gathered the following conclusions were drawn 1. Based on the scores of the respondents in the pre-test, the respondents got the highest rating of Very Good which ranges from 0-7. The students were not familiar to the words in the passage. The researchers conclude that those words were not in their long term memory so it was hard for the respondents to understand the passage 2. )Based on the scores of the respondents in the post-test, the respondents got the highest rating of Excellent which ranges from 8-10. Thus, the students performance was excellent and they meet the highest rating compared to the pre-test. The respondents could really read fairly well even if only half of the letters are present 3. )Based on the mean scores of the students, there is a 0. difference between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters. The researchers conclude that the treatment, which is the missing letters, is effective in reading comprehension. As the results showed, post-test is higher than the pre-test. Thus, there is a significant difference between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters 4. )Missing Letters affect the reading comprehension of the students. The researchers conclude that it is effective to use. Based on the scores the respondents achieved, post-te st scores were higher than the pre-test scores. Thus, the students understood the passage with missing letters. RecommendationsBased on the results of the study, the researchers highly recommend the following Students. To the students, they should use this type of reading as a practice for them in reading comprehension and for their vocabulary. Teachers. To the teachers, the researchers recommend to use this type of reading to increase their inferential comprehension. Future Researchers. To anybody who wants to pursue the same study or related to this study this will help to improve the students style of reading. The researchers also recommend having further study regarding this study and they should also use larger amount of participants/respondents to show the comparison in our study. APPENDICES Budgetary Estimates (Appendix A) address Print 100 Computer Rent 250 Transportation 100 Total 450 Php Calendar of Activities (Appendix B) February 13 Chapters 1,2,3February 13 ,14,15 Instrumentation February 17 to March 8 Conducting of experimental research Data Gathering March 15 Data Analysis March 19 Chapter 4,5 March 21 Chapter 1,2,3,4,5 March 26,27 Poster Presentation April 10 cushy Bound Statistical Analysis of Data (Appendix D) Frequencies pre test level Statistics Level N Valid 15 Missing 0 Mean 2. 0000 Std. Error of Mean . 19518 Std.Deviation . 75593 Minimum 1. 00 Maximum 3. 00 level Level N Valid 15 Missing 0 Mean 2. 5333 Std. Error of Mean . 30654 Std. Deviation 1. 18723 Minimum 1. 0 Maximum 4. 00 level N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks level group Negative Ranks 4a 8. 00 32. 00 Positive Ranks 19b 12. 84 244. 0 Ties 7c Total 30 a. level group b. level group c. level = group Test Statisticsb level group Z -3. 351a Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) . 001 a. Based on negative ranks. b.Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Curriculum Vitae ( Appendix F ) Contact Information Name Glenda Mae Suansing Ad dress St. Michael Village, Sungay East, Tagaytay City Contact Number 09159727469 E-mail Address emailprotected com Personal Information Date of fork up August 23, 1994 Place of Birth Indang, Cavite Citizenship Filipino Gender Female educational Attainment Primary Tagaytay Elementary School Secondary Tagaytay City Science National High School College Cavite State University Bachelor of Science in Psychology Interests Playing guitar, Reading books, Watching films Contact Information Name Shalom Ersando Address Brgy.Cabezas Trece Martires City Contact Number 09107232128 E-mail Address emailprotected com Personal Information Date of Birth January 15 1994 Place of Birth Dasmarinas Cavite Citizenship Filipino Gender Female Educational Attainment Primary Palawit Elementary School Secondary Tanza National Trade School College Cavite State University Bachelor of Science in Psychology Interests Reading books, observance movie, Hanging with friends and playing badminton INSTRUMENT (Pre-test) INSTRUMENT (Post-test) Reading Comprehension of 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University Post-test Scores Missing Letters (treatment) Pre-test Scores

How I Became Me

To begin, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger is unique. The impudent is written from the perspective of a teenager who lives in New York in the 1950s.From the context in the beginning and the end of the leger, Ill just tell you ab protrude this madman stuff that happened to me around know Christmas just before I got pretty run-down and had to come out here and take it easy (page 1), I could probably tell you what I did after I went home, and how I got sick and all, and whatschoolIm supposed to go to next fall, after I get out of here, but I dont feel worry it (page 213), we can infer that Holden Caulfield, the aforementioned teenager, is in amentalhospital.However, he tells the story through flashback of a three-day period sometime before Christmas the year before. This is odd because most novels cover much more time than three days. This is one reason why this novel is so unique. Although the novel is spread over save three days, we learn so much about the shoplifter, a nd many different regions, because all Holdens thoughts and feelings, especially about other characters, during these three days is portrayed, nothing is left field out.My favorite part of the book is probably Holdens interaction with and description of Ackley in Chapter 3. This is probably my favorite part of the book because I can relate to the protagonist in that I have to put up with my neighbor who fits the description of Ackley perfectly. Ackley is a rather nosy fellow who comes over through a window and without permission. He plays with all of Holdens possessions, and then puts them back in different locations.He cuts his nails all over Holdens room, stands in his reading light to talk to him, and he never brushes his teeth. I also enjoy not only this part, but also other descriptions of other characters, because the author has a totally unique way of describing people. He was on the button the kind of a guy that wouldnt get out of your light when you asked him to (page 2 1), He was one of those guys that think theyre being a pansy if they dont break around 40 of your fingers when they shake hands with you (page 87).Even though the novel The Catcher in the Rye is set in the fifties, I can still relate to the protagonist, as fountainhead as others around his age, because of the lingo. It makes the characters so human, and just about anyone can relate to that I found myself looking forward to Holden meeting a new character or happening upon an old acquaintance, to see what type of personality the author had given them. Also, there is no brilliant sentence structure or advanced(a) diction to this novel.The reason this novel is so good is the incredible insights the author uses, which connects the reader to the characters in a way that is inimitable. Salingers wonderful insights are enhanced by his strategic use of italics to indicate emphasis, which tells the reader the exact meaning and tone Salinger is attempting to portray as if the reader were to hear the spoken dialogue, In the first place, were both practically children. And did you ever stop to think what youd do if you didnt get a job when your money ran out?Wed starve to death. The whole things so fantastic, it isnt even- (page 132). This is the type of novel that generates emotion, true, honest emotion, from the reader, because they can connect so well to the characters. A reader would truly cry, say if Phoebe, Holdens younger sister, were to die at the end whereas in other novels that a character dies in, less of an emotional impact is made on the reader. Finally, only one huge event takes place that effects all the others, and that is Holden Caulfield flunking out of Pencey.All other events in the book are trivial. This keeps the plot simple enough so that the main focus is on the protagonists thoughts rather than actions. However, I think this novel is so excellent and one-of-a-kind because of the personality of the protagonist. He is easily bothered by thelittlethi ngs people do, God, how I hate it when somebody yells Good Luck at me when Im leaving somewhere. (page 202), yet he loves to drive others crazy, You werent allowed to smoke in the dorm, but you could do it ate at night when everybody was asleep or out and cryptograph could smell the smoke. Besides, I did it to annoy Stradlater. It drove him crazy when you broke any rules. He never smoked in the dorm. It was only me. (page 40). He doesnt seem to profane into religion, as he describes himself as an atheist. He also seems to be an existentialist as well. Every single thing he does is based upon whether he feels corresponding it or not. Holden is a well-crafted character who could be a real person writing an autobiography he is so lifelike. I would definitely recommend this book to anyone.