Blackrock Difference Essay Essay

The expectations, standards and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences. The play ‘Blackrock’ composed by Nick Enright thoroughly explores the impact that difference of gender has on individuals and groups. The composer examines the common social ideas of gender and the differences in expectations, standards and treatment of males and females by creating a focus on the reaction by people to the rape and murder of the young girl. This is similar to the cartoon on homosexuality composed by Ficher. Ficher also examines the common social ideas differences in expectations by creating a focus on the response by people towards homosexuals being open about their sexuality in society. Both texts explore the way society views a person’s difference. The expectations, standard and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences. The play â€Å"Blackrock† demonstrates how an individual’s gender forms the expectations others have on them. The typical expectation of girls is that they should be subservient and be used as an object. Cherie is an example of the rejection of these expectations. The behaviour Cherie portrays is different from other girls in the play as she interacts regularly with her female friends and portrays no interest in sexual behaviour. Cherie represents dignity and independence. As a result, she is exposed to isolation and abuse by others. This is demonstrated in the scene where Cherie protects Tracy’s reputation by saying to the boys â€Å"She was beautiful, you dickheads†. She is ridiculed by Scott, who in reply utilises slang in saying â€Å"Couple of lezzos are you? . The use of slang in â€Å"lezzos† reveals the aggressive response towards Cherie for protecting the reputation of the girl as well as abuse and isolation towards any person who breaks the conventional gender roles. The use of the word â€Å"lezzos† is a pejorative term used to ridicule females who have an interest in the same gender. In Cherie’s case, she is protecting a female and she is berated and ridiculed by Scott for protecting a female friend. The statement also reveals how Cherie is expected to be submissive to the boys. In Cherie’s circumstance, gender forms the expectations others have of her, and in breaching them she suffers isolation and abuse. In Enright’s â€Å"Blackrock† it is clear that an individual’s gender can form the way an individual is treated. In the play, gender connects the boys together and a mutual trust is formed. This mutual trust creates the belief that mates should protect and treat each other with respect. This however is different for the females. The boys portray a general disrespect towards the females in the play. They sexualise them and expect them to ‘give into’ there sexualisation. Once the female rejects to be submissive to their sexualisation, they are abused and isolated. This is portrayed through Scott who utilises dialogue in saying â€Å"you just pashed me off you slag†. The use of the word â€Å"slag† demonstrates the aggressive response Scott upholds towards females who refuse to be submissive. This statement also reveals the mistreatment females suffer as the word â€Å"slag† is used as an insulting term to describe females who engage in sex and in promiscuous behaviour. The males criticize the ones who reject their sexualisation as well. This is portrayed in the statement by Scott â€Å"I know enough†¦to show you a good time† . The slang in this statement suggests how forceful and berating Scott is towards females who reject to be submissive to his sexualisation. This demonstrates how despite the continuous rejection, Scott will continue to enforce his male dominance and mistreat the females. This mistreatment is continually related to gender and is evident throughout the play. Enright portrays the way difference determines how a person is treated. The cartoon composed by Ficher shows how an individual’s sexual status forms the expectations others have on them. The cartoon composed by Ficher demonstrates the difficulty faced by homosexuals who are trying to be open up about their sexuality. Society’s response to such beliefs and opinions are forceful and violent as they immediately reject and refuse to accept them. The composer utilizes symbolism to demonstrate the expectations formed by difference. The two figures on the left symbolise two major, powerful groups in society – law and religion. These figures represent society as a whole. The two figures on the right symbolise the homosexuals, the different group in society. The two powerful groups are forcefully sending the two homosexuals back to the ‘metaphorical closet’ as the closet is used as a symbol to represent a person being open up about their sexuality. The expectation’s formed by society to the homosexuals is that they should not be open about their sexuality and that they should keep their sexuality hidden from society. Fischer makes it portray the way difference decides how society forms expectations people have on them. The expectations formed on the two homosexuals are similar to the expectations formed on Cherrie in the play. The two homosexuals are expected and forced to keep quiet about their sexuality. They are also expected to be submissive to society. Similarly, Cherrie is expected and forced to be submissive to the boys. Both characters represent society’s mistreatment of people who are different. This portrays how the expectations and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences. In â€Å"Blackrock†, the view of what is acceptable behaviour for each gender is demonstrated throughout the entire play. A double-standard is strongly reflected through the characters gender difference. In the play, allowing males to have sexual intercourse with females whenever possible is acceptable. Ricko demonstrates this at the party by utilising dialogue in saying â€Å"the mobs hot†¦go for it†. The use of dialogue reveals the peer-pressure encouragement element in the statement. The statement also reveals how they encourage each other and try to pick up different girls in different settings such as the party. This also portrays how openly sexual males are accepted and their behaviour and attitudes are encouraged. In contrast, openly sexual girls are disrespected, abused and labelled as ‘slag’ and ‘slut;.. This is portrayed by Scott, who utilises slang in saying â€Å"She’s been through Ricko already. Now its Gary. Now she’s a fucken band moll†. This reveals how girls who are openly sexual are disrespected and verbally abused. This shows Scott’s aggressive response towards females who are openly sexual. The word â€Å"moll† is an insulting term used to describe woman with openly sexual morals and is used to describe females in the play. This statement also reveals the non-acceptant views on females with openly sexual morals. These statements both portray a clear double-standard as the males in the play are allowed to be openly and freely sexual where the females are berated and abused if they are openly sexual. Enright portrays how gender difference reflects a double standard through showing what acceptable and non-acceptable behaviour for each gender is. In conclusion, expectations, standards and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences. The play ‘Blackrock’ composed by Nick Enright explores the impact that difference of gender has on individuals and groups. Enright examines this through the common social ideas of gender and the differences in expectations, standards and treatment of males and females by creating a focus on the reaction by people to the rape and murder of the young girl. This is similar to the cartoon on homosexuality composed by Ficher. Ficher also examines the common social ideas differences in expectations by creating a focus on the response by people towards homosexuals being open about their sexuality in society. The expectations, standards and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences.

A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words Essay

â€Å"A picture is worth a thousand words†, is a common saying that rings true. Which is why many newspapers decide to compliment their articles with visual elements such as photographs, drawings, or political cartoons. However, many people feel that some of the images newspapers decide to print are in bad taste. Huge Hewitt, an Evangelical Christian, compared a political cartoon of Muhammad with a bomb for a turban, to a drawing of Jesus with a crown of TNT atop his head at an abortion clinic. Because both cartoons are equally distressing and offensive, wether you are Muslim or Christian, I doubt that a newspaper in the United States would print either image. On the other hand, if I was the editor of a newspaper I would print both pictures. After the terrorist attacks of September 11th there was a huge backlash on the Muslim culture and its people in this country. The cartoon of Muhammad with a bomb as a turban illustrates, literately, how ignorant and insensitive we are to Muslim beliefs. As editor, I would add an article to the cartoon explaining how it is not created out of malice or hatred, but it is a form of satire. It was drawn to grab your attention and inspire you to ask questions about the Muslim world, what is currently happening there, and how are we, as a country, involved. As editor, I would treat the cartoon of Jesus with a crown of TNT the same way. The accompanying article would clearly state that the image in no way mocks the Christian belief system. The picture does, however, raise questions about how God, or Jesus, would view the bombing of an abortion clinic, wether the life of a fetus is more important than that of its mother, and so forth. As I have stated previously, the cartoons are satire, not actual opinions or suggestions. The drawings are to be viewed as debate starters or to help you to create your own opinions about what is being portrayed. Furthermore, under the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, freedom of the press is clearly stated. These pictures, however disagreeable they maybe to some, the newspaper has its right to print them and the readers have the right to view them. In conclusion, I do not feel that any form of imagery is too bold to be printed in a newspaper, least of all a political cartoon of Jesus with TNT as a crown. As long as the readers do not take the picture for face value and can read deeper into the topic being presented, then there is no problem. As for offending people, they can just buy another newspaper if they don’t like the pictures in mine.

International logistics Level 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International logistics Level 2 - Essay Example It also entails the efficiency of in-process account, complete products, as well as information that relates to the final consumption by the consumers from the point of production of the consumable goods. The operations of the company in the attainment of vision and mission rely heavily on the environmental location. For instance, special considerations are made for the silver town Refinery’s upstream supplies chain and the next tier downstream in regards to the reinstated logistical processes. The completion of logistical processes in production and delivery of the products is more successful when the company is able to address a range of challenges that are commonly faced. There is also a need for change adoption to enhance the survival values of the Tate and Lyle organization in Britain. However, constraints for transformation have been rampantly experienced and are an ample factor for address. The recent developments in the organization entail the utilization of supply-cha in management strategies with an intention of countering every form of organizational negativity. The best models of supply chain need be utilized in the logistical processes management to ensure organization compatibility with the input strategies (Plunkett, 2007). The discussion in this paper establishes the key factors that influence the logistical processes at Tate and Lyle. The comprehension of these factors will be boosted by conducting a special survey on the Silver town Refinery’s upstream supplies chain and the next tier downstream. Identification of the range of challenges that Tate and Lyle must address is also considered vital at this juncture and the different logistical activities within the supply chain. It is also crucial to investigate into the extent of change of activities at Tate and Lyle could change and constrains for change that are majorly experienced. Key factors that influence the logistical processes at Tate and Lyle Logistical processes at Tate and Lyle are massively influenced by overwhelming factors that are deemed crucial as success or failure drivers. The most crucial and long term factor is the organizational equipment that is utilized in the execution of the required processes. The plant is well established in ample sites that follow each other to accomplish a sequential process. The location of a main plant at Silver town is considered as an upstream domain for the main production of the needed end products, while the downstream tiers are considered as sequential plants that enhance the produced goods delivery to the final customer. Every organization upstream settings determine the success of the downstream tiers and the final product deliveries. Thus, the Tate and lyre logistical processes execution are highly determined by the operational equipment in the set up plant. Secondly, the operational compatibility is a long term factor that influences logistical processes. The Tate and Lyle being a food company has operat ional

Theorising Art, Media and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theorising Art, Media and Design - Essay Example It advocates their independence and their role in the society – a role which is more than that inside the household (Chodorow). This paper will discuss feminism in the context of visual culture and the means by which this particular movement was theorized and historicized in the past three centuries. Before delving into the discussion of the historiography of the femininity in the context of visual arts, it is appropriate to explain the projection of women in contemporary art by citing varying texts published by feminist writers. In particular, this research will use Amelia Jones’ book, The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader, as its primary basis for said study. Jones’ work focuses on the collates different accounts and writings concerning art, film, architecture, popular culture, new media, and other visual fields in the point of view of feminist thinkers and writers. The author describes feminism as, â€Å"... in most of its forms, proposes and demands a polit ical and/or ethical stance towards cultural experience...† (Jones 2). She also argues that the presence of visual culture, â€Å"... is a rubric and a model of critical thinking about the world of images saturating contemporary life.† (Jones 2). ... of critical models of reading visual imagery in visual culture and its related disciplines of art history, film theory, television studies, and the visually oriented arm of media, new media and culture studies.† (Jones 3). There is no need to explain what had been cited from the work of the author. She directly applies the leading role of such movement in contemporary forms of art and media. However well established feminism is as a major movement that advocates the emphasis of the female gender in a patriarchal society, the depiction of femininity and its degradation in some visual arts has had a lengthy discourse. According to Judith Butler in the book, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, â€Å"The notion of an original or primary gender identity is often parodied within the cultural practices of drag, cross-dressing and the sexual stylization of butch/femme identities. Within the feminist theory, such parodic identities have been understood to be either degrading to women...† (187). Butler makes clear that not all contemporary art can be beneficial to the cause of women empowerment. The example that she had presented gives light to the misuse of the feminist movement which had inevitably resulted to the lampooning of the feminine gender. Indeed when the ideological basis of feminism is used but the medium of expression is deformed, the outcome may cause harm to the ultimate goal of uplifting femininity as gender in the arts. If Jones depicts feminism as the major player in the context of contemporary visual arts and Butler argues that the proper expression of feminism in the mentioned media is a must, other feminist writers regard that feminism in visual arts can create liberal and complex image of the female subject. Judith Williamson

Who moved my cheese by Spencer Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Who moved my cheese by Spencer Johnson - Essay Example They succeeded in finding it. Only because of the presence of cheese, that place becomes their place of interest. They keep on enjoying it. On such a fine day they find no cheese there. But they spend time with their old habits expecting the return of the cheese. Sniff and Scurry explores the maze for new cheese. Hem and Haw are a bit worried. The ’Cheese’ referred to in the story is a metaphor which stands for something a man wish to have with him till the end of his life .It may be some pleasant relationship, money ,peace of mind etc. We people are sometimes like Hem who denies the truth, and sometimes like Haw who first accepts the truth. Of course change is painful. Alteration is hard to adjust because of the inflexibility of the human nature. Tearing up the one which is near and dear is a throbbing experience. Haw adapts to change soon expecting something new which can give more contentment. Haw goes out in search of cheese. At that time he finds Sniff and Scurry already enjoying new cheese. According to Marcus Antonius â€Å"the universe is change, our life is what our thoughts make it.† This book illustrates how people foresee life, and prepare t hemselves for the change. Such people start searching for new alternatives before the actual change comes. Sometimes we have to hunt for the cheese. The envision of a person about life empowers him for the hunting. The simple but practical way of success is simply accepting it. A person who wants to grow should know how to manage life. Life is the change from the state of being and change is a regular process. The unexpected is always expected from life. If we are trained by ourselves to adjust with changes or to emancipate a better way of life due to change, then success will be our companion. We have to change our way of life when the cheese is found lost. The steps we follow, and the time taken for a twist is also important. When we are in the new ‘maze† we feel some

Comparison between a Balance Sheet and an Income Statement Essay

Comparison between a Balance Sheet and an Income Statement - Essay Example A balance sheet follows the general structure of Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity, which means that the summation of all assets must equal the liabilities and shareholders’ equity. Investors and company management need this information to determine the current value of a company. An income statement, like the balance sheet, shows the value of the company because it shows whether the company is operating at a loss or at a profit. An income statement portrays a company revenues vis a vis the expenses, gains, and losses after taxation for a specific period of time, be it annually, monthly, quarterly, or semiannually. Although the two financial statements are two different statements, they are closely related in that, a company’s profit and loss statement directly affect the shareholders’ equity. In the event that a company posted $30,000 increase owner’s equity compared to the previous year and the owner did not invest or withdraw assets from the business, then the increase represents the net income for the year. If the owner had withdrawn $15,000 in assets for personal use, then the net income must have been $45,000 to produce the $30,000 increase in shareholders’ equity. A balance sheet is more useful in determining the sustainability of a company as it outlines a company’s assets in comparison to the liabilities. The relationship between a balance sheet and an income statement is a result of the double entry system that prescribes Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity.

HSE Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HSE Management Paper - Essay Example Oil refining process releases numerous emissions in the atmosphere causing air pollution. Industrial accidents such as fire and explosions are also rampant in oil and gas industry. Environmental and safety concerns make oil refineries be located far from urban areas. Corrosion is a chief problem faced throughout the process line of hydrocarbon refining process. Corrosion refers to deterioration of metal components such as pipes that convey the petroleum products. In the refining process, corrosion occurs in forms, such as pitting corrosion from water droplets and stress corrosion from SO2 attack. Periodic cleaning and use of corrosion resistant metals prevents and controls corrosion. Unchecked corrosion leads to oil leaks and spillages that are environmental hazards. Where gas cannot be stored, it poses a risk of fire or explosion. Flaring and venting ensure safe disposal of hydrocarbon gases. Venting refers to the discharge of gases into the environment in the oil production process . Through venting, toxic gases such as hydrogen sulphide are released to the environment resulting to fatalities. Venting releases greenhouse gases such as methane leading to global warming. On the other hand, Flaring refers to burning of natural gas in the routine of gas and oil production process. Carbon Fraying produces carbon dioxide predominantly. Both flaring and venting have great environmental impact on climate through global warming (Haddow and Bullock, 2006, p45; Heidersbach, R and Heidersbach, B, 2011, p260). Process Safety Management (PSM) is proactive identification, mitigation, correction or prevention of release of poisonous chemicals that could be caused by failures in processes, procedures or equipment. It ensures that process facilities such as oil and gas plants, chemical plants, and offshore platforms operate safely. Process oriented reactions such as corrosion, runaway chemical reactions and unintended mixing of hazardous chemicals are liable for release of toxi c gases, explosions and fires. The need to reduce safety incidents caused by hazardous materials and process upset, and the need to meet safety regulations drives PSM programs. The aim of PSM is to aid employees to mitigate episodic release of hazardous chemicals that would be catastrophic to the workplace and surrounding community (National Research Council. 2011, pp6-14). Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) is the most important step in Process safety management (PSM). PHA seeks to identify and analyse the significance of potential hazards caused by handling or processing highly hazardous chemicals. It analyses causes and significance of fires, explosions, flammable toxic release and spills of hazardous chemicals. Focus is on factors that may affect the process such as human actions, instrumentation utilities and equipment in use (Skelton, 1997, pp 172-174). Written operating procedures must be implemented and must be consistent with process safety information. They prove clear instruct ions for undertaking the covered processes. Each task and procedure relating to the covered process should be clear, consistent and well communicated to the employees. Steps in every operating phase include initial startup, normal operations, temporary operations, emergency shutdown, among others. Operation procedures should also include operating limits such as, consequence of deviation, and steps required to correct the deviation or

Business Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Plan - Research Paper Example Balance Sheet Basic Template 9.0 Current date: 9.1 Future Dates: 10.0 C: Income Statement Basic Template: 10.0 Marketing current budget revenues: 10.1 Operations current budget expenses: 10.2 Administrative and cost of capital current budget expenses: 11.0 D. ... h interactions with individuals working in the fields in which each child is interested can we encourage and advise each student on what is necessary in school and in life to achieve their goals. Through early interaction we can gain the trust of the students, families and volunteers so to work together to defuse any destructive habits. While working with those individuals in their fields of interest these students will become proteges of these individuals for several years, eventually becoming interns as they get older and closer to their completing course work in that field. Knowledge and Dreams is a program that is in direct response to the growing number of young people falling through the cracks in school and failing to plan for their future. The goal of this program is to offer tutoring of course study and dream development and internship to the youth of the intercity. This program will entangle education before and after adulthood providing professional experience in both area s. The focus is different for every age group although the message is the same, to empower each of them with the knowledge needed to make better decisions for their future. Knowledge and Dreams will focus primarily on intercity youth of all ages. According to the National dropout prevention center â€Å"There are a multitude of youth programs available, but many are inaccessible to inner-city and rural youth (2012, para 2).† Knowledge and Dreams will partner a professional to every group of five who is interested in his/her field of study. These partnerships will last the length of the Childs stay in the program. This program will also provide tutors for these students for each grade level and subject where help is needed. During that time weekly planned activities to strengthen the

Human trafficking in Turkey Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Human trafficking in Turkey - Term Paper Example They are usually brought by force or allure to the land of opportunities, that is, USA, European nations and Canada. In current times, human trafficking is considered to be an organizational and administrative concern. It has become precedence for those working in many other strategic areas such as human rights, health, gender, law enforcement, and community services. The organization formed by European Union conference on â€Å"Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings,† held in Brussels from 18-20 September 2002, is an instance of the increasing political concern for combating human trafficking (BRUSSELS DECLARATION ON PREVENTING AND COMBATINGTRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS, n.d.). Over the recent past, Turkey has been witnessing a significant problem of human trafficking, which in fact is an international concern. This issue is related with irregular ad illegal migration. The neighboring regions of Turkey have been affected by political turmoil and conflicts due to w hich the people have been flooding in Turkey from these lands to ensure a better living, protection from harassment and safety. Instances of civil wars and conflicts taking place in the Middle East, Balkan and Caucasus lands have urged such mobility. The nation has therefore become a final dumping ground of trafficked women and children for sexual exploitation and workforce. ... The first section focuses on the context of the problem providing some statistical evidence on the incidence of trafficking along with cases and evidence involving women and children. In a nutshell this section provides an impression of the persistent problem in the nation with an insight into the severity of the issue. This part will logically analyze why human trafficking has become a problem for the society, especially in Turkey. The second part brings out what policies and measures have already been adopted by Turkey and an assessment of the existing policies with respect to their ability to address the problem. This reveals the actions undertaken by the NGO’s. It covers the scope of the issue both within and outside the Criminal Justice System. The section will also highlight the actions being adopted in the international scenario towards resolving the problem. The third section will discuss what the nation of Turkey and the other countries across the world are doing in o rder to combat the problem. This reveals some policies undertaken at micro level and in the operational departments. This section highlights the policies with respect to employment, economy, education and best practices of other nations, which could be applicable in Turkey to resolve the problem of human trafficking. The section also projects some recommendations to suggest Turkey’s next best steps those can be adopted for a better future with respect to the problem of human trafficking. Social Relevance and severity of the problem Turkey connects Asia and Europe and hence plays as a transit and also a target for human trafficking victims. The cities of Istanbul, Izmir and Trabzon are the most popular destinations for victims of

Symptoms, transmission, treatments, and prevention of the HPV virus Research Paper

Symptoms, transmission, treatments, and prevention of the HPV virus - Research Paper Example It is indisputable that the greater the degree of abnormality the greater the risk of cancer. Cervical cancer develops due to various factors and HPV infection is a significant factor. As such, recurring HPV infections have been identified, as the chief cause for cervical cancer. Cervical cancer develops due to various factors and HPV infection is a significant factor. It claims a large number of female lives, all over the world. Immunization Practices (ACIP) it was stated that; â€Å"HPV is a necessary but not sufficient cause of all cervical cancers. Approximately three fourths of all cervical cancers in the United States are squamous cell; the remaining are adenocarcinomas† (Markowitz, March 23, 2007). Despite the fact that HPV causes cervical cancer, not all cervical cancers are caused by HPV. According to this study, HPV is not the only reason for cervical cancer, although on many occasions its presence was observed, while detecting cervical cancer. Thus, HPV is not the sole cause for cervical cancer. HPV is mainly transmitted through sexual contact. In some cases, the HPV infection persists even after several years have elapsed after sexual contact with an infected person. In accordance with these studies, HPV is not the only cause for Cervical Cancer. However, it was detected in the majority of the cases. In the US, squamous cell and adenocarcinomas have been seen to be the active cause for Cervical Cancers, in three – fourths of the cases. The following discussion makes it clear that Cervical Cancer can be prevented, if HPV infection is detected at an early stage. Nevertheless, such infection cannot be detected in the initial stages, on account of the absence of symptoms. A study conducted by Vanslyke, Baum, Plaza et al declared that â€Å"Cervical cancer is a preventable disease resulting from infection with high-risk types of sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Public

Nutritional knowledge Essay Example for Free

Nutritional knowledge Essay Discussion (guide 2000) The results on knowing the meaning of BMI, it has been shown through the Chi-square test that there is no significant relationship between being obese and knowledge of this item. The same results were yielded for knowledge of fibre-rich food, recommended daily intake of fruits, and recommended daily intake of breads and cereals, which also had insignificant results in the Chi-square. The knowledge items which yielded a significant result in the Chi-square include recommended intake for various sources and reading labels. Health Behaviours Examining the t-test results, most health behaviours prove to be significant. On the number of glasses consumed daily, the normal weight group had a higher average, indicating greater consumption. On the consideration of health in choice of food, there is no significant difference between the two groups. The same trend is observed on the time of taking supper. For time of sleeping, the obese group seems to sleep at a later time. Moreover, the normal weight group has a higher frequency of exercise sessions. The obese group also has more frequent intake of meals; crisps; sweets, chocolate or desert; sweetie beverages; low calorie drinks; instant noodles; and deep fried food. No such difference was noted between the two groups for frequency of eating snacks. The present study does suggest significant differences in the knowledge, lifestyles, and behaviours of normal and obese samples. This suggests that cognition, affect, and behaviour are meaningfully interlinked and that one affects the other.

A Fruit Smoothie Is A Drink Biology Essay

A Fruit Smoothie Is A Drink Biology Essay Fruit and vegetables are not consumed in the required quantities, throughout the world due to a variety of reasons e.g. availability, cost and/or convenience. Even though there importance is clearly defined by the World Health Organisation guidelines (Keenan et al. 2011a), in the developed world convenience is perceived as being the predominant cause for the demise of fruit and vegetable consumption. This has directly led to the development of a new product set that enables the consumer to achieve the recommended 5 portions a day, whilst maintaining their busy life styles. Smoothies have now entered into popular culture; the (Oxford English Dictionary, 2013) defines it as Noun a thick, smooth drink of fresh fruit purà ©ed with milk, yogurt, or ice cream A fruit Smoothie is a drink that blends fruit and fruit juice together to create a healthy snack. The Smoothie market to have reached $9.0 billion by 2015 (Global Industry Analysts, 2010) and that UK sales reached 34 million in 2006, which is 6.3 million up on 2001 according to Mintel who also expect Smoothie sales to treble by 2011 (BBC News, 2007). In the USA the sales reached $2 billion in 2012, which has grown 80% over the past 5 years (Smoothie Statistics, 2012). In the UK, the sales of smoothie increase to 80 million in 2007, but showed a reduction in sales gradually falling by 2009, however sales have increased again by 2011 to 55 million (British soft drinks, 2011). Mintel are a company that provide food and drink research to the UK. They have reported that many fruit Smoothies have been found to have a hidden sugar content to sweeten the Smoothie up; many of the fruit Smoothies were found to have hidden sugars comprising of fruit juice concentrates and high fructose syrup (Courier mail, 2013). Most Smoothies have apple and banana as core ingredients. Apples have a natural sweetness; this means not as much, if any additional sugar needs to be added to the drink, to sweeten the taste, banana is also added as it adds a natural thickness to the Smoothie, nothing artificial needs to be added to the Smoothie (Innocent drinks, 2013). One problem that is faced is the texture of the drink, it can be quite bitty or grainy, this is derived from tiny particles that some fruits contain, for example strawberries have small pips on the outside of the fruit, so blending the fruit alone will not get the particles to break up. However a way to change this has been found that passing ultrasound waves into the fruit during its preparation makes the particles smaller. Ultrasound wave technology has been available for many years, but in the last 10 years the food industry has developed a methodology to use the ultrasonic waves in food processing (Ultrasonic innovations, 2008). This paper presents an example of using ultrasound waves in the Fruit Smoothie product to reduce the particle size problem outlined earlier. There are a number of advantages for using ultrasonic waves, they have a more effective mixing and micro-mixing, faster energy and mass transfer, reduction in temperature the mixture can remain at the same temperatu re throughout the process. Ultrasound wave technology also increases the production volumes of the Smoothies (Chemat et al., 2011). 1.1 Aims To investigate and reduce the particle size within the Fruit Smoothie mixture using ultrasound waves. To test the treated Smoothie for its- viscosity, colour and centrifuge for the acceptability of the particle size. Testing the treated Smoothie on samplers for the acceptability of the particle size, the colour and the taste in the mouth. 1.2 Objectives Employ ultrasound waves at different power levels for the reduction of particle size and for two different lengths of time. To use the Brookfield viscosity to test the flow rate of the different samples. To use the Hunter LAB to analyse the intensity of the colour change and the centrifuge machine to test the separation for the different samples. Test the finalised product on random, untrained samplers to identify their thoughts about the product and compare the product to an untreated sample product. 1.3 Hypothesis This paper will be an experimental hypothesis. Using ultrasound waves will reduce the particle size in the Smoothie product and create a smoother taste. 2. Literature Review The literature review consists of what a Smoothie is, the types of products available, the role of ingredients, the manufacturing process and sensory attributes. 2.1 Smoothie Definition The word Smoothie comes from the English word smooth meaning tender and creamy. Smoothies are defined as a creamy cold drink which is made of blended fruit or berries together with some fruit juice, only natural ingredients are added to the product. The texture of a Smoothie is of a thick consistency unlike the slush drink and has a consistency more like a milkshake (Smith et al., 2013). 2.2 Types of Smoothies Available The main Smoothie manufacture that is available in the UK, is Innocent Smoothies, they have a wide range of Smoothies already available on the market, from Strawberry and Banana to Kiwis, Apples and Limes to Pomegranates, to Blueberries and Acai (Innocent Drinks, 2013). These Smoothies are available in four different sized bottles, they vary from handy grab and go bottles, to bottles that can be stored in the fridge and used many times over. Innocent dominate with 80% of the market in 2010 (Mintel, 2010). Figure 1: Innocent Smoothie Drinks (Innocent drinks, 2013) Innocent Smoothie also offers other products in this range, five kids Smoothies are available in handy lunch box sized cartons, useful for lunches. Figure 2: Kids smoothies (Innocent drinks, 2013) 2013) Happy monkey are another brand of Smoothie that are mainly branded for kids and their lunch boxes (Happy Monkey Smoothies, 2013). They come in two varieties orange mango and strawberry banana, and can be purchased in a variety of shops. Happy Monkey Smoothies offer less variety than Innocent Smoothie however they have similar products available. One close to the orange and mango is available in Innocents childrens range and the strawberry and banana is found in the main Smoothie range. Figure 3: Happy Monkey smoothie products (Happy Monkey Smoothies, 2013) Another place that Smoothies can be found is from Ellas kitchen, these again are more aimed at children to take to school and have as a healthy snack. They are comprised of five different flavours available in small handy sizes. Like Innocent and Happy Monkey, they have similar flavours with the same ingredients as the back bone to the Smoothie products. Figure 4: Ellas kitchen Fruit Smoothie products (Ellas Kitchen, 2012) The Naked Smoothie Company are aimed at producing Smoothies for adults on the go, that do not have time to eat fruit with their everyday life commitments. Naked advertise that they are a healthy alternative and contain antioxidants in them (Naked Juice, 2013). These advertisements are aimed at those wanting to try and stay healthier for longer by adding antioxidants into their bodies, to help fight free radicals. Naked have launched additional products that claim to increase energy levels throughout the day Figure 5: Naked Juice Smoothies (Naked Juice, 2013) These are the main Smoothie brands on the market in the UK today. Many companies target their brands towards childrens health, helping them get their 5 a day, thus making it easier for their parents by allowing them to have one of their products, the parent does not have to try and persuade the child to eat a piece of fruit. However some companies do promote their products to the older generation advertising that their Smoothie can help them to stay fit and healthy as well as their children. All these Companies claim that their products are 100% pure fruit without any added sweeteners or artificial flavourings. 2.3 Role of ingredients Fruit is the primary component in a Smoothie. Many producers of fruit Smoothies promote how they can help you achieve your five a day in a tasty quick convenient drink. Strawberry: Strawberries in this fruit Smoothie is one of the main ingredients and adds flavour to the drink. Strawberries have a natural sweetness that will sweeten up the product without the need to add any sweeteners to the mixture, thus making the smoothie healthier. Strawberries are a major contributor and they give the drink the pink colour. Strawberries have natural bits around them which give the texture in the smoothies the natural graininess; this is what the ultrasound waves will reduce in the smoothies. Banana: As well as bananas being one of the main ingredients in the smoothie, banana is also a natural thickener (Innocent Smoothie, 2013), this making the banana a vital ingredient in the fruit mixture, as without the banana the drink may become too runny. The banana also adds as a bulking ingredient as it increases the volume of the Smoothie. As banana is one of the main ingredients it adds to the flavour of the drink and produces the banana and strawberry flavoured Smoothie. Grape: Grape juice adds to the flavour, and helps break down the thickness of the banana and sweetens the banana taste. Grape is an acidity regulator and controls the acidity levels in the smoothie. Without the grape juice the acidity in the Smoothie may become too strong. Apple juice: Apple juice is used to add a natural sweetener to the Smoothie (Innocent Smoothie, 2013). By adding this it means no additional sugar is necessary resulting in a healthier drink. The apple juice as with grape helps to break down the banana thickness to create a smoother texture. Oats: Oats are added to the fruit Smoothie to add more fibre. They also change the thickness of the product. The oats added in to the mix changes the texture of the Smoothie. This again will be decreased by using ultrasound technology to reduce the particle size. 2.4 Manufacturing Process Ultrasound is a non-thermal technology utilising high power and high frequency that results in a longitude wave that creates a sudden implosion of bubbles. The implosion generates localised spots with a very high pressure that can disturb cellular structures; this means the particle size will reduce (Fellows, 2009). When ultrasonic waves hit the surface of a material they generate a force, this force is vertical to the surface and it results in a compression wave that moves through the food. If the force is parallel to the surface it produces a shearing wave. Both methods allow the food product to be sonicated (Fellows, 2009). In recent years using ultrasound waves in food processing has been investigated extensively (Rawson et al, 2011) concentrating on the effect that pulses have on the nutritional aspects of the food sample and the lengthening of the shelf life of products. Sonication has significantly improved the preservation role in foods (Rawson et al., 2010). The amount of bu bbles produced depends on the amount of frequency and amplitude of the ultrasound waves (Keenan et al., 2011b). This means the particles of the fruit Smoothie should be reduced when the ultrasound waves are at a higher frequency and higher amplitude. The longer the ultrasound waves are placed through the Smoothie the more this will have an affect the amount of particles broken up. 2.5 Quality attributes Fruit and vegetable beverages can have certain sensory barriers that can put off many people from drinking them. These barriers include a bitter taste and a grainy texture and in the most recent National Diet and Nutritional survey (NDNS) report, it highlights the difference in consumption of the 5 portions of fruit and vegetables per day between children and adults. It found that children are more prone to eating fruit and vegetables every day. Fruit juices continue to grow in popularity and are potentially driven by an increase public interest in preventative healthcare (Wootton-beard and Ryan, 2011). 2.6 Nutrition Due to marketing and advertisement of Smoothies there is a misconception that the drinks are as healthy for you as eating fruit by themselves. Labels claim that they are packed with vitamins, low in fat and bursting with goodness and the UK has spent over  £100 million a year on Smoothies, however many of them contain sugar, calories and acids as extra ingredients that have been added to sweeten them up and make them taste better (BBC News, 2008). This means that Smoothies are not as healthy as the packaging is advocating. Juicing fruit and storing it can make it quite acidic, and one being consumed can damage the persons teeth. Juicing takes away the fibre and removes many nutrients that are found in the whole fruit (Independent, 2006). Juice and Smoothies count as one portion of your 5 a Day when drunk in a 227g portion. It was found that pure fruit and vegetables can offer similar health benefits to whole fruit and vegetables. This is due to the antioxidant and polyphenol content that is found in fruit and vegetables, however it still remains a concern regarding the impact juices have on sugar consumption, fibre intakes, dental health and appetite control. It has been found that fruit contains a naturally high carbohydrate, sugar, starch and fibre content. Smoothies are not that different to a consumer choosing fruit like a banana than it would be if they chose it in the Smoothie form (Ruxton, 2008). The advice expressed by health professionals is that consumption of Smoothies should be discouraged due to the high carbohydrate and sugar content, as this would prevent the rise in sugar consumption that has been on the increase in recent years. However this is a mistaken belief in regards to Smoothies, for in a 250m l portion, 30g of sugar can be found, similar to a piece of fruit. Research has been undertaken to show that Smoothies may have more associated dental health problems than eating two portions of whole fruit and vegetables; this has not been proven with reliable evidence. When Fruit Smoothies were first introduced onto the market, it was thought that it would encourage those in the population who did not consume the minimum daily dietary requirements regarding fruit and vegetables. It was a concern that they may stop people from consuming the actual fruit and vegetable however, it was found that those who consumed higher levels of fruit and vegetables were more likely to consume both the whole fruit/vegetable and Smoothies/fruit juices. Smoothies were found to be higher in fibre, vitamin C and antioxidants compared to fruit juices alone (Ruxton, 2008). 2.7 Consumer acceptability/ Sensory To the consumer, the most important quality attributes are the five sensory characteristics Texture, Flavour, aroma, shape and colour (Keenan et al., 2011b). These attributes determine the individuals preference for specific products. These attributes help to define differences between certain brands and their differing tastes. In the case of this study, these attributes will help the panellists to taste the size of the particle in the sonicated Smoothies (Povey and Mason, 1998). 2.8 Taste and Flavour Taste and flavour is a major factor in consumer choice. There is a difference between taste and flavour, taste is the sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness and umami. The taste buds on the tongue affect what the taster can detect, and some attributes can be detected at very low thresholds in certain food groups. Taste occurs on the tongue were 10,000 taste buds are located on the front, back, sides and the tip of the tongue. Each taste bud has clusters of 50-100 taste receptor cells. Flavour is the result of the interaction between the sense of smell that the person can detect from the sample, and the taste that the taste buds have given off which determines the flavours they can taste in the sample, however 80% of the perception is from the smell of the sample, the food is inhaled through the nostrils and from the back of the mouth as the food is chewed and swallowed. The flavour of foods is influenced by the flavour compounds which are released when chewed (Povey and Mason, 1998). 2.9 Texture The texture of food has a major influence on consumers perception of quality. Information is passed to the brain, about the texture of the food from the sensors in the mouth and from recalling these senses from memory it can build up an image of the texture properties of the food. This can be seen in three stages: 1. Initially the first stage is to assess the hardness, the ability to break the food and the consistency of the food product in the first bite 2. The second stage is the chewiness, adhesiveness and the gumminess during the chewing of the product. During this phase the moistness and the greasiness of the food is also detected. 3. The third stage is the perception of the rate at which the food will be broken down whilst chewing. The type of the pieces formed, then the release of moisture and finally any coating on the mouth or tongue with food (Povey and Mason, 1998). 2.10 Colour The colour of a Smoothie or any other product is one of the main aspects that a consumer is going to take into consideration when choosing a product they wish to purchase. If the colour is unusual or not natural to the eye, consumers may find it off putting, particularly in this market segment, as the Smoothie purports to be a replacement for natural products. So the products colour is very important The colour of a Smoothie is affected when the sonic processing is undertaken. Typically the more ultrasound power put into the Smoothies, the more particles are broken up, resulting in the colour of the Smoothie being affected by the particle degradation (Keenan et al., 2012a). 3. Method The methodology section consists of the following: Sample Preparation, Ultrasound Processing, Physical analysis, Brookfield Viscosity, Colour, Analysis, Centrifuge Analysis, Sensory Analysis, Ethical Issues, and Statistic Analysis. As similar work has been undertaken on the topic of using ultrasound waves in Smoothies, several methods were incorporated to expand on the work already developed to test four different methods (Keenan et al., 2010), (Keenan et al., 2011a), (Keenan et al., 2012b), (Keenan et al., 2012c). As this paper is concentrating more on the mouth feel of the Smoothie, than for example the shelf life changing due to the sound waves being passed through the product, the sensory aspect was a higher priority, so only following limited methods helps to get the full purpose of the study across. In this study, a Smoothie is the product of choice to test and investigate with the ultrasound waves process, because of the varying particle size that can be found in Smoothies. Reducing the particle size should have effective results. According to recent sales, Smoothies have become very popular in the UK, however many consumers find the graininess of some fruit puts many consumers of drinking Smoothies off putting. This study, investigates a way to reduce this, using a novel technology that has not been used extensively in food products. 3.1 Sample preparation The Smoothies prepared were based on the commercially available Smoothie Strawberry and banana by innocent Smoothies. 1400ml of Smoothies was made using 288g of banana, 284g of grapes (mixed), 520g strawberries were chopped, 700ml of apple juice from concentrate then added to a homogeniser (Keenan et al., 2010), (Keenan et al., 2011a) and (Keenan et al., 2011c) along with 50g of oats, and all food products were sourced from a local supermarket. Once the fruit, juice and oats are homogenised the Smoothie is split into seven 250ml samples and refrigerated to between 2-4oC, so all Smoothies are at the same temperature before ultra sound processing can take place. Each time the particles are tested the same amount of each fruit is the same, to make sure texture and colour is the same each time. The Smoothie composition was derived from the commercially available; innocent Smoothie product banana and strawberry. Place into blender with oats and apple juice for 1 minute Split mixture into seven samples Chop strawberries and bananas. Peel grapes Place 2 into ultrasound machine for 5 and 10 mins. on power 60 Place 2 into ultrasound machine for 5 and 10 mins. on power 100 Place 2 into ultrasound machine for 5 and 10 mins. on power 20 Test sonicated samples for separation of particles Test sonicated samples for colour Test sonicated samples for viscosity Figure 6: Summary Flow Chart of Smoothie Method of Sonication and Testing. 3.2 Ultrasound machine Once the Smoothie is split into portions the ultra sound treatment can be done, the Smoothies were tested using (Keenan et al., 2011a) method on how to test ultrasonic waves through fruit samples. Three treatments were used in this practical; the Smoothies were treated with three different power levels (20%, 60%, 100% on the 0.5 cycle) for two different lengths of time. Six of the Smoothie samples were processed on and one was kept as a control to compare the results to the original Smoothie. Figure 7: Ultrasound Machine C:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0486.JPG 3.3 Physical Analysis Once each of the Smoothies has been treated, tests were done on the different samples for viscosity, colour and centrifuge. 3.4 Process Parameters Due to the ultrasound machine being placed in to the smoothie, it can change the temperature of the smoothie mixture. (Keenan et al., 2012a) study shows that the smoothie mixture inside the pressure chamber increased from 20 to 37oC during the high pressure processing. Power Level Time (Minutes) 20% 5 20% 10 60% 5 60% 10 100% 5 100% 10 Table 1: Processing power level and time it was sonicated A way to stop the temperature of the Smoothie being increased when ultrasound waves are being passed through it, is to decant the mixture into a beaker (which allows water to flow through) syphon off the warmer water so as to keep the Smoothie from increasing in temperature. 3.5 Brookfield Viscosity Viscosity is a measurement of the internal friction of a fluid, for example liquids and semi solids and Brookfield is the measurement of these. The viscosity measurements are made to test the quality and the efficiency of a product. A main way that that researchers test their work, is using a viscometer. It is one of the quickest, most reliable and accurate ways of analysing some of the most important factors affecting the product. (Brookfield engineering, 2013) The accuracy of the viscometer was checked with a standard solution of water to calibrate the viscometer. The seven samples were then tested the same way this was done by using the number four spindle at speed ten and placing the spindle into the Smoothie sample to get readings. A reading was taken on twelve occasions at ten second intervals to get an average. This was repeated on all seven samples. Figure 8: Brookfield viscometer meter C:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0488.JPG 3.6 Colour Analysis The hunter lab model UltraScan PRO was used to test the changes in colour of the fruit Smoothies once the initial processing had taken place. The colour test was useful to see if the Smoothie had become lighter or darker in visual terms after the processing. Hunter Lab system is a popular and trouble free technique used in both quality control and research; it is able to test a wide spectrum of product colours from transparent films to clear liquids and/or opaque solids (hunter, 2008). In this case study it was used to test the difference in colour of the six processed samples, comparing them with the control sample. The colour was then tested by placing some of the Smoothie into a glass square tube with black foam to form a blackout around the outside to avoid any other light affecting the result. This was then placed on to the machine and the machine produced an L* a* b* reading of the colour. Each time a new sample was tested it was calibrated back to the original Smoothie. Each of the seven samples was tested three times to obtain an average. The 250ml Smoothies are then spilt in to 125ml samples. One 125ml sample is placed into the refrigerator and left for twenty four hours; the other 125ml placed into a water bath at 4oC for the same twenty four hours. Figure 9: Hunter Lab ColourC:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0487.JPG 3.7 Centrifuge Analysis Centrifuge is driven by a motor and forces a sample to evenly separate the substance of greater and lower densities apart. A sample is placed in the machine and the motor is switch to a certain speed, the sample is then spun around a fixed axis. After the twenty four hours, 10ml of each is poured into a numbered tube and then placed into a centrifuge machine and spun at 4600rpm for ten minutes, this causes substances to separate and the bigger particles at the bottom with the smaller particles on top. The results are entered and analysed using SPSS. Figure 10: Centrifuge machine C:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0489.JPG 3.8 Sensory Analysis Four samples of 1000ml were poured into four jugs consisting of Strawberries, banana, grapes, apple juice and oats. Three of the samples were treated with ultrasound waves at three different power levels (20%, 60%, 100% on cycle 0.5) for 10 minutes and the fourth was kept as a fresh control sample. The samples that were being tested were treated at the three different power levels for 10 minutes and control sample that was left untreated. An untrained panel of 50 people with an age range of 19 to 57 were used. As the study was based on the overall mouth feel of the Smoothie no training was needed before the tasting took place. The sensory was carried out in individual sensory booths and had controlled lighting. The odour in the booths was controlled to avoid any misconception of the product and its taste. The panellists were presented with four samples of the different Smoothies and given a sample of 10ml in 25ml plastic cups. Each sample was given a randomised three digit code, this was to avoid the panellist from know which order they are sampling each (Keenan et al., 2011b). Each panellist received the samples in a different order. The untrained panellists were given a cup of water to cleanse the palate, so the mouth was free of flavour before the next sample is tasted. There were eight important attributes that were necessary to get a clear picture of whether the participants could tell the difference between the samples and if the particle size had been reduced. The sensory attributes being tested for were colour, smell, appearance, texture, mouth feel, viscosity, aftertaste, and over all acceptability. The rating scale used was a horizontal line scale. A vertical line is placed on the scale between 1 and 9 with the left to right on the intensity of liking the product, for example pale to dark. Appearance Like/ Dislike Texture Bits/ No Bits Colour Pale/ Dark Smell Like/ Dislike After taste Strong/ weak Viscosity Too thin/ Too thick Mouth Feel Creamy/ Watery Overall Acceptability Like/ Dislike Table 2: Sensory Attributes of Smoothies 3.9 Ethical Issues The only ethical part to this study that needs to be addressed is the sensory analysis. On taking part in the sensory analysis, the participants signed an agreement, that they understood the agreement, they understood the ingredients in the samples and made it known if any allergies or intolerances they had that would stop them from taking part in the study. All participants knew that they were free to stop taking part in the study at any point if they wished to so. 3.10 Data analysis All values were repeated twice to get an average number to compare. The comparison was tested using SPSS (ANOVA, TTest) and Microsoft Excel Software. The difference was considered significantly different with a p value of 4. Results The smoothies that had been processed with ultrasound waves were analysed and the results were measured and statistically analysed by using Microsoft Excel, and SPSS. 4.1 Hunter Colour LAB Analysis The colour of the six samples of smoothies that were processed at different power levels and the control sample were analysed to see the colour change. The average readings of the colour parameters (L, a, b, TCD and Chroma) of each of the samples was calculated and can be seen in table below. The analysis was repeated three times to get an average, and all the tests were completed twice to check the acceptability of the results.   Sample L A B TCD Chroma Control 27.46 8.16 7.09 3.23 9.56 5 minutes 20% Amplitude 11.59 6.14 6.43 2.14 7.08 10 minutes 20% Amplitude 11.85 6.14 6.58 2.09 7.13 5 minutes 60% Amplitude 10.91 5.80 6.34 1.68 7.02 10 minutes 60% Amplitude 54.47 10.85 8.31 1.63 13.69 5 minutes 100% Amplitude 55.93 11.33 9.13 0.13 14.57 10 minutes 100% Amplitude 55.64 11.63 9.09 0.04 14.78 Table 3: The average on Lab at the different power levels Figure 11: L values (a), a values (b), b values (c), TCD values, (d), and Chroma Values (e) of smoothie samples colour at the different level of processing. See figure 11a, b, c, d, and e sample key in appendix 1. Figure 11a, 11b, and 11c, has revealed that the more ultrasound waves that are placed through the smoothies, the more the colour of the smoothie changes. Figure 11d shows the total colour difference (TCD) in the Smoothie samples at different power levels.   L Values 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 -15.86* -15.61* -16.54* 27.01* 28.46* 28.17* 2 15.86* 0.25 -0.68 42.87* 44.33* 44.04* 3 15.61* -0.25 -0.93 42.62* 44.08* 43.79* 4 16.54* 0.68 0.93 43.55* 45.01* 44.72* 5 -27.00* -42.87* -42.62* -43.55* 1.45 1.16 6 -28.46* -44.33* -44.08* -45.01* -1.45 -0.29 7 -28.17* -44.04

Demand and Supply of Gold in India

Demand and Supply of Gold in India Demand is the relationship between price and quantity demanded for a particular goods and services in a particular circumstances . For each price the demand relationship tells the quantity the buyers wants to buy at that corresponding price . The quantity the buyer wants to buy at a particular price is called the Quantity Demanded. supply is the directly proportion of price when the price of the commodity is increased then the supply of that product also increase or visa- versa. ON THE BASIS OF GOLD COMMODITY:- In the relation of gold the demand cannot affected or doesnt matter of price, demand and supply because it is luxurious product and they always usable for functions and many of areas. The price of gold is increases demand then the demand and supply also occur in positive range. The term can be movable as follows:- When the price is increases then the demand and supply can movable in upward direction. When the price is decrease then then the demand and supply can change because the demand is high and supply will be decreases in range. The main concept is started from here to analyze the demand and supply of gold in India. The price is the main factors which can be changing whole style of product sale in the market but gold is a luxurious product and the price does not matter there they r directly based on the willingness to buy the products. This is analyze on the basis of previous data when the price is 17000 rs. In india and what about the demand and supply of the gold in market this will shown as follows:- It schedule is rougly showing to how the relation between price , demand and supply that will be arises on same direction this is only for gold product not for other . It is the concept demand curve is always downward slope and the supply curve move on upward . it means when the price of commodity is increase then demand is decrease and the supply is also increases but in that condition the demand and supply moved in same proportion . THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF GOLD DEMAND AND SUPPLY ARE AS FOLLOWS:- When the price is automatically increased in year 2005 then the consumers are simultaneously struggling. In present time the market price of gold is 19,171 Rs. Per 10 gram , after hitting a record high of 19,257 rs. Earlier in next week. In the time of festiwal the price is increase then the consumer is struggling to buy but in small range capacity. Basically in the seassion of dhanteras , diwali the demand of gold is high and the consumer can buy without any price problem. BRIEF DISCRIPTION ABOUT HIGH PRICE CUT DEMAND:- This condition doesent seen in the gold market because when gold was a barbarious relic the gold price stood at just 12000 rs. In that condition the various changes are coming in the gold and silver market according to as follows:- A CHANGE IN THE NATURE OF THE GOLD INVESTORS JEWELRY At the turn of the century , the jwelery and industrial gold buyers , alongside rural , agicultural Indian demand, dominated the gold price. In a developed country the gold was not bought for itself and its importance. That condition the major role basically in jwelery, often the cheaper part of piece of jwelery. in that time the prices cannot rises in that much, in that condition the gold price is high .it means when the price of gold is high then the buyers are low. The buyers are still there, but they want in small volume or range due to high price of that commodity. In that condition the market are focuses in middle class person to increase the capability power and creat high growth INDIAN DEMAND When they targeted to middle class family to increase the demand in that level of customer mind to focuses in that level of customer. The market wants to increase the efficiency and they also aware that gold is traditionally valuable in india and they aeare that customer can easily brought due to the need and knows the condition of market. After that marketers can expect that the price of gold is higher then doesnt affect in that market strategy because it is the investment terms which is basically effort by Indian customers. They always analyse that when the price is high then it affect in supply terms. WESTERN JEWELRY , COIN AND BAR DEMAND According to the analyser to analyse that in tradition the gold market cheap jewelry basically invested in to coins and small bars is and they analyse to investing in that areas of Indian market.the Demand ofr gold is always protect the wealth andprotect the mony market loss to maintain and equal balance generated. The marketers also seen the quantity and quality of demand dropped initially, as jewellery demand always decline or down faced in the market but is now gathering pace and actually increasing on both fronts, especially if the marketer add the small coin and bar demand to it then the gold moves up the ladder of exclusively and expensive decorative items again higher quality gold jwelery demand (accepting high prices) is growing again. At the last the marketer seen that the demand of jwelery is always increases. And generated high efficiency in the market. 2. A WIDENING IN THE NUMBER AND SIZE OF GOLD INVESTORS GOLD EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS The size of the market is high and large number of investors in the market and always want to increase the return in future trend. In the modern changes the market price of gold is always high but no effect in the consumption power they always choosen gold and buy for future trend because it always slope in downward. There are so many factors which changes the consumption and buying power of customers the main factors are as follows like income and price . the price of gold is simultaneously increases but demand is also movable in same directions. CENTRAL BANK The story of central banks and gold is a sad one. As both politicians strove to establish a doctrine that paper currencies, with no gold backing, better serve as money then gold does. By persuading people that central bankers were capable of being a satisfactory and the gold was a barbarous relic that had no place as money, they sanctioned dual policy of selling and sidelining gold as mony and accelerating the supply of gold to the point that the easy gold picking were exhausted . now central banks have had to revert to their underlying belief that gold is a vital reserve assts , particlurly when drems fade and realities take over . Higher price in their case have led to a cessation of sales and subsidential buying. SWITCHING FROM OTHER MARKETS TO THE GOLD MARKET As a gold and silver prices rise just like a thermometer measuring global financial uncertainity and instability , more and more investors are ntering these markets for the first time, not for profit . , but for protection against such fears and in an attempt to preserve the wealth they have. These investors come from the entire spectrum of investors across the length and breath of our world. This is the quintessential reason why demand for gold will rise as gold price rise. WHY ECONOMISTS USE ELASTICITY Elasticity means degree of level changes in the particular commodities is called elasticity But here, we are discussed about changes in the demand and supply of gold in demand and what are the various tools to find out the degree of demand of gold in india. THE BASIC USE OF ELASTICITY IN ECONOMISTS AS FOLLOWS:- Economist wants to compare gold demand all the times. Is gold demand more price sensitivity then silver demand . Is the supply of gold is equal. An elasticity is a unit- free measure. By comparing market using elasticity it does not matter how we measure the price or quantity in the Indian market. Elasticities allows to identify the differences among markets without standedizing the units of measurement. THE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND MEASURE BY AS FOLLOWS:- PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND CROSS ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND Degree of level changes by the price of commodity . the gold commodity is directly not affected in the demand because it is a luxurious goods. According to the gold the descriptions are as follows Gold price have been rising this year and this is the news that dominates in newspapers . The last time gold prices rise at such pace was in 1980. In fact gold price never touched the hights they had reached in 1980 and in fact were at their lowest in he year 1999. The first point is to be noted is that both gold and oil prices move in together . both were at their highest in 1980 and while oil has become far more expensive that it ever was , gold prices still not a very high compare to where they were in 1980. The prices are taking in high price adjusted for inflation and not the nominal prices that we see going up year after year. SECOND POINT to note is that gold prices elasticity is negative . Higher the price of gold, higher is the demand for gold. This is a unique feature of gold , as many other commodity whose prices go up sees lowering of demand . When prices rise the most that the demand is the highest, pushing up prices further. In the year 2007 , gold prices went up by nearly 20 % compared to price in 2006 . Demand for gold went up by nearly 5 % . when people say prices goes up , they normally tend to consume less of the good, including essential items like oil and petrol. The nominal price always stay above the previous price, therefore gold is never seen as a risky investment compare to real estate, the share market and the money market. Gold is a unique metal . it has been the most attractive metal for thousands of year. The roman empire and the Egyptian civilization were known to have used gold more then 2000 years ago. India is a growing primarly country because of income growth in the country leading to higher purchases of jwelery . When the recession subsides and the industry looks up and real estates prices rise again gold price should come down from the heights they occupy today. SO GOLD IS SAFE INVESTMENT ? THE ANSWER IS CLEARLY YES. AS gold prices do not come down in nominal terms . however as the economy improves and other forms of investment become attractive , the return on gold come down drastically and may sometimes in real terms become negative . however jewellery has a sentimental value attached to it too, therefore even when price come down , people remain proud of their gold purchases . Buying gold makes sense during the time the rest of the economy is receding, but when economic growth and industrial growth is handsome . like in india now, investing in gold might deliver the lowest returns that one could have obtained . however , this return is in all likelihood is risk free, therefore it makes sense for those who like to avoid risk . it is important to remember that usually higher the risk , higher is the rate of return for any investment. At last it is simply explain that the price of the commodity is increase then the gold is not affected because it is type of investments in the market and always given positive return . so it is future profit generated investments which is always given better and high return to the customers. THE MAIN ADVANTAGES OF THE GOLD AND NOT AFFECTED PRICE AS FOLLOWS:- THEY ALWAYS GIVEN POSITVE RETURN TO THE BUYERS IT IS THE INVESTMENT FOR FUTURE BENEFITS THEY ALWAYS GIVEN POSITIVE GROWTH PRICE IN THE MARKETS. THE PRICE CAN NOT AFFECT TO BUY THAT PRODUCT. INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND As a persons income rises , he or she can buy more goods at a given price at any particular time . but the ability to buy more goods does not necessarily imply the willingness to do so . It means when then the consumers income is rises or dicreases then directly affected to consumption capacity. If the demand of the goods rises as income rises, then that good called a normal goods . Also the demand for the normal goods falls as income falls . the demand for a normal goods and incomes are directly related. The demand for a inferior goods income rises and good falls . the demand for an inferior goods and income are inversely affected. SOME IMPORTANT ASSPECTS WHICH AFFECT INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AS FOLLOWS:- PREFRENCES:- Peoples preferences affect the amount of good they are willing to buy at a particular price. A change in favour of goods shift the demand curve rightward. But in the gold commodity the income is doesent affected because the always show when the consumers income is rises thend the demand is also increases and visa versa because it is a investments which wa BENEFITTED FOR FUTURE. NUMBERS OF BUYERS:- The demand for a goods in a particular market is related to the number of buyers in the area . The more buyers, the higher demand , while the fewer buyers , the lower the demand . EXPECTATION OF FUTURE PRICE:- Buyers who expect the price of the goods to be higher next month may buy the good now thus increasing the current demand for that particular goods. Buyers who expect the price of the good to be lower next month may wait until next month. POPULATION :- Large no. Of buyers are in Indian market the customers and population are so high in Indian market . Examples:- india have created so much demanded for goods and services because of its massive population. ADVERTISING:- An increase in a firms effective advertising will be cause in demand for the product being advertise. For examples :- Indian have been buying gold for the last few years . however, there is no another addition cost are included in that luxurious good. CROSS ELASTICITY OF DEMAND It means when the price of the substitute commodity is increase then the other product is dicreases and visa versa . there is two commodities in iindia is silwer and gold . When the price of the silver is dicreases then the silver commodity is increases and gold price is dicreases then the demand of that commodity is increases. Now the bullion banker is net short gold when he conduct this operations . remember he borrowed gold and now he has a financial assets . he is making 5 % return on the spread , but he now has a gold price risk . as a banker he is not normally business of putting on speculative positions . so basically, in doing this operation but bullion bankers has a hedged the gold price and he takes a small margin- like a half of %- from this intermediation . in doing so , he allows private market participants to go short gold . thats why we elide the two phrases- going short in the gold market and gold borrowing . the ultimate borrowers in the gold leading operation are these shorts in the gold future and forward markets . Now we have a conservative set of gold leading number and we have a more aggressive set of such numbers . our range of estimates emplies that somewhere between 10000 and 16000 tonnes of the official sector gold position has left thse results way of leading the process . TABLE 1 : WHY OFFICIAL SUPPLY/DEMAND EXCEEDS MAJORITY OPINION ESTIMATES AN ARGUMENT FROM THE SUPPLY SIDE Total Gold Loans Outstanding  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚      BOE GFMS December 1993 4,750 1,600 June 1995 9,250 2,200 Note: All Quantities in Tonnes  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   This discrepancy was so large that tried to be conservative and for no good reason, chopped the 9000 tonnes down to 6000 tonnes because that 6000 tonnes figures was already so far removed from the official numbers . in any case , this bank survey implied big , big errors in the consensus supply/demand balances and half of a lot more gold lending than anyone thought . Now look , gold lending began in earnest in the early 1980. By 1995 it was a process that had been going on for more than ten years . now, what if there were 6000 tonnes of gold loans not 2000 tonnes of gold loans as implied by the consensus supply/demand statistics . that mean that there had been 4000 tonnes more lending , most of it over the last ten year period . gold lending was a small activity during the 1980 . it was a much bigger activity during the 1990, so obviously it was a business that was occurring on an increasing scale . if the discrepancy was 4000 tonnes over 10 to 15 years , 300 to 400 tonnes a year well , then it was probably 200 tonnes a year in the 1980 and it was probably nearer 600 tonnes a year by 1995. That mean supply and demand were underestimated by something like 600 tonnes a year . If we total these three demand items we arrive at the following:- Table 2 Metric Tonnes    1999 WGC gold demand for jewelry, bar and coin in 27 countries 3,282       GFMS gold jewelry demand in an additional 7 countries 1) 268       GFMS global demand in all other uses (excluding jewelry, bar and coin) 458       Incomplete Global Demand Subtotal 4,008 GFMS Global gold demand 3,9852) GFMS occasionally report and use demand . there survey for 1998 including the estimate used here . there was no comparable estimate in their 1999 report . the WGC reported a large increase in global gold demand in 1999. Base on wgc glbal demand for trend this number is probably conservation . GFMS total gold demand exceeds this total by 170 tonnes . they attributes demand to investigate in india . From the above it is clear that the WGC survey plus select additional item from the GFMS points to a total that exceeds GFMS estimation of global gold demand . this subtotal still excludes jwelery demand in more than 100 countries. It also excludes official coin and bar demand in these 100 or more countries as well as seven additional countries mentioned above. It is basically helps to understand the total demand and supply of gold in india and they are basically helpfull for searc what r the condition can not decrease the demand and supply of gold in the market. It always search and analyse the terms and conditions which help to easily find out survey of gold in india or many countries. ANALYSIS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF GOLD IN INDIA The ever increase of demand and supply of gold in india , various hypothesis have been put forward from time to time:- Demand for gold has an autonomous character. Supply follows demand. Demand exhidits income elasticity , particlurly in the rural and semi- urban areas. Price differential cretes import demand , particlurly illegal import prior to the commencement of liberalisation in 1990. A part of the demand is caused by the need to stash away uncounted wealth and income. Gold trades figures since the onset of liberalisation in 1990 shows that while the price differential narrowed from a high of around 53.1 % in 1991 to about 5-10 % currently the import volumes rise unabated. Gold demand in india increased by an annual compound rate of around 15 % from 1990 to 1998 during the period of liberalisation with growth slowing thereafter. This was high , not only visa- versa the world demand growth rate of 3.05 % but also in relation to the trend Indian . GDP growth rate is 5.5 % and Growth rate demand for oil is 3.8 % Energy and sugar is 6 and 5 % Gold imported officially for domestic use is now channelled almost exclusive via the official agents or the authorisd commercial banks. Some aspects which helps to anlyze the gold demand and supply in india.:- FUTURE TRENDS :- What is likely demand trnd for the future? Given the fact that gold demand is income-elastic, it would be safe to assume that demand will increase over the next decades. Since gifting jwelery at the time of marriage constitute the major components of demand, ball-park estimated could be on the basis of the no. Of marriage that takes place actually. On the basis of assumption around 8 million marriage r held in india per year. Gold is required for marriage by families of different income groups. GOLD MARKET IN INDIA:- The gold market in india is predominantly a market for buying and selling physical gold. In the whole sale segment, nominated agencies are the bulk importers. This market is resonabily efficient from the point of view of distribution of bars and scraps over the length of the country which takes place in a very efficient manner. Price manner is also generally observe in areas with identifical of duties and taxes. Gold leasing volume are small in comparision of physical buying and selling. Most of leasing activities taken by nominated banks on a back to back basis via supply from overseas. The market needs to develop for at leat two reasons:- To provide working capital at low cost together with gold price leading,not only to the exporter but also to jwelery manufacture for the domestic market. The existence of gold leading market is pre-condition for arbitrage free pricing of gold forward in the local market. ISSUE FOR THE FUTURE :- It would only be logical to assume that the neeed for a review of the overall policy stance with regards to gold is now being increasingly felt in official circles. As with other areas of liberalisation , the direction of change will certainly be positive, although it would be difficult to imagine any specific time frame. However the following issue are like to be the focus of policy.:- Strengthening of the infrastructures and market in physical gold. More assaying, refining and recycling capacities of international standard and accreditation are expected. Better protection for consumers, by way of the spread of hallmarking of jawelery. The emphesis will continue to be on more self regulation by jewellery manufacturing and retailers. Further liberalisation the gold import is live issue. Removal of all the remaining restriction on gold imports has been advocated by many of following groups:- Trade liberalisation for gold is a pre requisite for financial liberalisation. There is no specific advantage in restricting gold imports to the select no. Of nominated agencies. If gold is imported farely under full fiscal benefits will accure to more deregulation of gold in india. Going by Turkish example, free imports under OGL and free export are pre condition for establishing a foothold in the world jawelery market . REGULATION IN PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL MARKETS IN GOLD IS ANOTHER MAJOR ISSUE:- Regulation in general means formulation of norms by the regulatory for : a. Risk assessment and control the regulated institution. B. Investors protections. 5. BRINGING THE GOLD HELD BY THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN TO THE ECONOMIC MAINSTREAM HAS RIGHTLY BEEN AN OBJECTIVE THROUGHOUT:- Mobilization of gold by the gout. In the past did not yield any major long term benefit. Any government led mobolization has inherent disadvantages. A better alternative would be allow holders of gold to raise capital from the banking system by way of pledge. It would be inconsistent with the spirit of liberalization to discriminate against those who saved in gold in past. A machenism can be evolved where by banks leading in deregulation of gold in india. 6. IT DEVELOPED OF E- MAONEY :- It is possible that a private sector units of account that is linked to gold may come in to existence in india, given the fact of huge private sector gold stocks. It would be advantages to look in to this possible. 7. GOLD HAVE ANY OFFICIAL MONETERY ROLE LEFT IN INDIA:- Golds role in currency issue was braught to a level of insignificance in india. There is good evidence to support the view that gold is held as an inflation hadged in india. BRIEF DISCRIPTION ABOUT ANALYSIS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF GOLD IN INDIA Demand for gold is likely to contain information regarding inflation expectations. Since monitory policy is reflected in the growth of money stock and ultimately the rate of inflation, there is a case for including gold in the monetory calculus. It need to analyse the advantages in including gold held by the private sector in the broad measure for liquidity, even though gold is not anybodys liabilities. Also gold could be included in the index for the real effective exchange rate for rupees. They also indicate that :- Other thing be equal. Gold import demand has real effective exchange rate of the rupees. This is the analyse function where we analyse how to demand and supply of gold commodity can run in the market and whoch factors affect to ush the demand and supply of gold in equal range. This is the chart which are showing consumption n different year and we aware that the consumption of gold in india and where they affect. supply and demand table CONCLUSION In that demand and supply of gold in india we analyse and learn that official sellin will fill the boots ot trend following speculation in the gold market and the gold price will fall back towards its prior trading range. The global recession and strong dollar which curb gold , jewellery and bar demand have been facilitating the ability of the official sector to keep the gold price low. The forces for higher gold price will build. Though it may not happen over the short run in the long run the dollar will fall- and substantially in our view. A dollar decline will lower than the price of gold in countries outside, which will in turn stimulate price elastic demand. The fear of weakness may also shift official sector attitudes towards holding gold as a reserve asset relative to the currency. Many central bank feels uncomfortable with the now higher share of currency in their official reserves. The huge and ever increasing internal debt of india growing prospects of inflations. The central bank has started objective of reducing its high reserve holding of money, and it may be noteworthy that they have reported the first rise in central bank gold holding in many years. As long as currency has holding remained strong, central bank have felt no pressing need to address their high mony holding, but an eventual reserval in the money exchange rate may change the perception. The supply will also lift the gold price. Over the last 4 year , the supply despite low prices because there was a pipeline project from the 1994-96 period of higher gold price the pipline has now been almost depleted. In addition high grade to improve cash flow at low gold price. High grading increase output over the near term but ultimately reduces overall life of mine output and brings forward in time depletion dynamics. At last it shows that the price of the gold is increase or dicreases then it doesent affect on the demand and supply of commodity because it is the investment which provide always benefit to the customers, due to previous record which was explain in previous topic and cover that price cant affect on demand and supply of gold in india or any country.

Japanese Gardens Essay -- Essays Papers

Japanese Gardens The role of gardens play a much more important role in Japan than here in the United States. This is due primarily to the fact the Japanese garden embodies native values, cultural beliefs and religious principles. Perhaps this is why there is no one prototype for the Japanese garden, just as there is no one native philosophy or aesthetic. In this way, similar to other forms of Japanese art, landscape design is constantly evolving due to exposure to outside influences, mainly Chinese, that effect not only changing aesthetic tastes but also the values of patrons. In observing a Japanese garden, it is important to remember that the line between the garden and the landscape that surrounds it is not separate. Instead, the two are forever merged, serving as the total embodiment of the one another. Every aspect of the landscape is in itself a garden. Also when observing the garden, the visitor is not supposed to distinguish the garden from its architecture. Gardens in Japan incorpo rate both natural and artificial elements, therefor uniting nature and architecture into one entity. Japanese gardens also express the ultimate connection between humankind and nature, for these gardens are not only decorative, but are a clear expression of Japanese culture. Although this extremely close connection of the individual with nature, the basic principle of Japanese gardens, has remained the constant throughout its history, the ways in which this principle has come to be expressed has undergone many great changes. Perhaps the most notable occurred in the very distinct periods in Japanese history that popularized unique forms of garden style—Heian (781-1185), and the Kamakura (1186-1393). Resulting from these two golden ages of Japanese history came the stroll garden from the former period and the Zen garden from the later. As we shall see, the composition of these gardens where remarkably effected by the norms of architecture and the ideals of popular religion in these eras. Therefor, in understanding each garden style in its context, it essential to also take into account the social, historical, and theological elements as well as the main stylist differences. Japanese aristocrats from at least mid-eighth century customarily had gardens near their homes. During the Heian period a somewhat standard type of garden evolved in accordance... ... these differences in presentation, design, and the relationships between the garden, viewer, and the architecture, the general goal of both garden types are inherently the same. In the Japanese tradition, these gardens are meant to function as aids in understanding in one form or another. In addition, both demonstrate the emphasis on the relationship between humankind and nature—perhaps one of the most important elements of Japanese art and architecture. Bibliography: A.K. Davision, The Art of the Zen Gardens. Boston: Houghtom Mifflin, 1983. Bring, Mitchell, and Wayembergh, Josse. Japanese Gardens—Design and Meaning. McGraw-Hill series in Landscape and Landscape Architecture. McGraw-Hill, 1981. Hayakawa, Masao. The Garden Art of Japan. Trans. Richard Gage. Weatherhill.Heibonsha, 1973. Ito, Teiji. The Japanese Garden—An Approach to Nature. Trans. By Donald Richie. Yale University Press, 1972. Kincaid, Mrs. Paul, Japanese Garden and Floral Art. New York: Hearthside Press Inc., 1966. Kucke, Loraine. The Art of Japanese Gardens. New York: The John Day Company, 1940. Yoshida, Tetsuro, Gardens of Japan. New York: Fredrick A. Praeger, 1957.

Contemporary Performance Issue Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Contemporary Performance Issue   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Commuting is a perfect example of a contemporary performance issue, â€Å"traffic congestion can steal valuable time from employees’ personal lives† (Wells par. 1). The typical employee is concerned with the time lost in commuting to work and not spent at home with their family. The family could be spouse, children, pets, parents, siblings etc.†¦If your everyday lifestyle started with the concern and time wasted just for commuting to and from work, you already started the day with a strike against you. In the past, this was not an issue with the employer. The employer was concerned with what they had control over at the workplace, if you had other problems, leave them at the door. Lately, it has been pointed out that more can be done for the employee in the field of Human Resources (HR). For example, instead of open parking for everyone at the work place, initiate a preferred parking area for those using some type of car pool. This encourages a social environment to and from work, as well as relieving some employee stress. If all of the employees are in some type of rotating pool, then an extra load of stress is being relieved from some of the employees all of the time, or all of the employees some of the time. Either way you look at it, you can hope to see an increase in concentration and performance. As an added incentive, â€Å"The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), enacted in June 1998, allows employers to offer workers either cash or tax-free reimbursements for parking, mass transit fares and van pooling expensesâ€Å" (Wells par. 3). This is further enhanced for the employer since the Clean Air Act of 1990. There are about 100 metropolitan areas that mandate air quality goals by reducing vehicle emissions that cause pollution. Some states like California have districts that require employers with 250 or more employees to adopt clean air measures to include trip-reduction programs. All of this results in employees no longer being concerned with traffic or parking or fuel expenses. This is an attractive incentive for retention and also as a recruiting tool. The advantages of adopting a strong program as part of an overall benefits package are clear. Here are some examples of how some organizations have put this to use: ? Bethesda, Md.-based Calvert Group Ltd. estimates that it cut emp... ...’ flex schedules. A third of the companies surveyed by Mercer, up from just 6 percent as recently as 1993, offer employees the option of working at home, with modem-equipped computers linking them to the office. More than a fifth say they are considering such a program. Retailer J.C. Penney, for example, has found that home-based telecommuters are the answer to its on-call operations. Recruited in-house from the company’s telemarketing staff, the part-time workers are supervised by phone, e-mail and twice-monthly visits. Prediction: Between 7.5 million and 15 million workers will telecommute three to four days a week by 2002, according to projections by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Bureau of Transportation Statistics (Wells par. 5). I think that with today’s traffic congestion, both the employee and the employer would benefit by having some type of incentive that is geared to commuting. HR is no longer just at the work place. Maybe it never was. Today, we can find all sorts of programs as incentives for the work force. Are they new or are we just no longer thinking in the box? Works Cited Wells, S. J. (1999), â€Å"Using rush hour to your advantage.† HR Magazine, March 1999.

Credo Paper Essay

To have a belief is to have confidence, faith and trust in something that cannot always be proven right or wrong. Some families are required to have certain beliefs due to religions where as other individuals develop their own core beliefs based on experience or teaching from mentors in their life. Whether they are taught to you or you create them yourself, whatever you believe in makes up your core beliefs. Most of my core beliefs deal with my relationship with God, but a few beliefs go into how I live my life. To believe or not to believe in God; and how many God’s exactly? There are a lot of good explanations for both beliefs but I choose to believe in one eternal God. I have gone to church all of my life and over this time period I was taught to memorize and practice the Ten Commandments. The first commandment was to worship only one God. Due to how I was raised I have always only worshiped one God and that will never change. Some religions choose to worship more than one God but I do not understand this theory. Jesus was one human being and it is said that God lived through Jesus so therefor there is only one God to worship to. Nowhere is it said that there was more than one Jesus so why would one believe that there would be more than one God? The explanation is clear to me that since there was one human teaching God’s word on the Earth, than there would be only one Holy Spirit up in heaven telling his son what to teach. I choose to pray and worship to one Holy Spirit and I do this because I believe in one God almighty. Due to my belief in God being all-powerful, I believe this plays into my belief about him being all-knowing. God is the creator of our lives and is aware of what our futures will consist of. Although it is known that each human has free will, I think that God watches over us and encourages us to do the right things. The saying â€Å"do what your heart tells you† is why I bel ieve that God is all knowing. In my opinion I believe that God’s place is in our hearts. When the heart first beats that is when one knows that God has created another human being, but when the heart stops that person enters God’s kingdom. The time in between the first heart beat and the last God does his job through our hearts that is why I believe he is all powerful. He has the ability to control every person, but I do not believe he takes advantage of this power. God only controls us when we deeply need it and that is when we are told to do what our heart says. God tries to speak tous through our heart and minds because he has the power to do so. Although there is Evil in this world, I believe God is omnibenevolent. Omnibenevolent is to be all-good. If God did not have the characteristic to be all good then how different would the world and the people within it look? I have experienced God showing off his good deeds after attending major sports games (i.e. baseball, basketball, football, etc.). Typically individuals, who are homeless or jobless, sit on the side of the street and beg other people for money. Some people choose to just walk past and say nothing, while others choose to place money in the cup and say God Bless You. Because of people donating money to needy individuals there is good in the world. God teaches us to treat everyone like they are our bothers and/or sisters, but yet some people treat others as though they are devils. I do not believe that God wants us to give up everything in our lives to make one single person happy, but I do believe that God wants everyone to share wealth to stop suffering. I have read and seen that God wishes for peace on this Earth, with peace comes good and through God’s teachings, good will rise. I believe that God is the creator of all things. What or who else could have created us to be how we are? This belief could also tie into another one of my beliefs which is that God is omnipotent or otherwise stated as all-powerful. To me God is omnipotent because there are events that have no explanation to them. One event in particular is the creation of the Earth and everything living. Some individuals believe the Big Bang was the cause to the creation of the Earth and everything that came with it, but I believe differently. To create such a complex and genius design of everything cannot just come from an explosion; it had to come from a person with an ingenious brain. God created this earth because of knowing what all had to be put into it in order for people and animals to survive and reproduce. An explosion does not know how to created life on Earth but the Lord knows everything and therefor knew how to create a prosperous Earth for people and animals to strive on. Overall in m y opinion God is the creator of all things and there is no other explanation. I believe in predestination and I believe God is in control of it. My  reasons for believing in these theories are held in specific examples. My 11 year old cousin, Claire, was born missing optic nerves which caused her to lose sight. At the beginning of her life, my family was devastated and scared as to what would happen in the future. After watching her mature for 11 years, I am utterly amazed at the goals she has accomplished. Claire is now able to play the drums, play the piano, sit in a normal classroom setting, get around in certain places on her own, and socialize with people she is not familiar with. In my opinion she is downright a miracle in our family and I believe this was all in God’s plans. God predestined Claire to be born without sight so she could live a better life and show those around her what life is really about. My friend Austin also emphasizes my belief in predestination. Austin is homosexual and according to the Bible this is a sin. Due to what I believe in I do not agree with what the Bible says about homosexuality. I believe that God creates us and lives through us, but this would mean that God created Austin to be homosexual. If God thought that homosexuality was a sin, then he would not have predestined Austin have feelings for men. God loves all and that is why he creates a plan for us to follow for the rest of our lives. Overall, God has a plan for everyone, some plans may look scary or wrong, but in the end the events are already planned and will benefit us in the future. I believe that God can work through the hand of physicians to cure and save humans and animals. I have had a first-hand experience with this phenomenon with my cousin Claire who was mentioned earlier. Through Claire I have seen God’s miracles at work in multiple ways. About 4 years ago Claire and my Aunt Jennifer traveled across the world to China for a specific stem cell treatment. The treatment was supposed to supply Claire with the stem cells that she was born missing. My family had high hopes for this treatment, but no one was one hundred confident that it would work. After about 2 weeks of constant injections, I was able to witness through a computer screen, Claire call out certain shapes and colors to her doctors. This was truly a miracle that she could see as much as she did and it was all because of doctors and studies done. To this miracle I say thanks to God for blessing each doctor or researcher with the brain to invent such a treatment to help my cousin see just a little color in her life. This experience taught me to trust in doctors and researchers because they are given God’s hands and can cure a  lot more than most believe. The golden rule states â€Å"treat others the way you want to be treated.† I hold this rule t o a high standard because I live my life by it. Personally, I do not understand why people choose to judge others. I have experienced countless situations where a handicapped individual received the awkward stare down and then overheard the group of people start whispering about them. Every time this has happened, I get sick to my stomach. I do not understand how some people can be okay with judging people. So many times I have walked around with my cousin Claire and I cannot say how many times I have seen those eyes and heard the quieted talks amongst others. No, I am not the one being treated this way but I never want Claire to be treated in this regard either. I cannot imagine that those individuals judging innocent people do not wish to be judged in that regard, so my question will always stand; why do you look and or treat people that way if you would not want the same in return? Because of personal experiences of watching others being judged and being treated wrong myself, I strongly believe in the Golden Rule which again states that people should treat others the way they want to be treated. Some of my beliefs may not agree with your core beliefs but that is okay, because God created us all to be different. Whether one agrees or disagrees with my beliefs I think that everyone could come to an agreement that one’s core beliefs are how we choose to live our lives. In my life I choose to worship one eternal God who I believe is the power over all. I also believe that everyone should be treated equally in this world. I find peace within myself when I live out my beliefs daily and I hope to do this for the rest of my life.